Table 8.
Potential Moderators of Reactivation Stress Effects on Memory
| Moderator | B | df | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Incidental or Intentional Encoding | .051 | 6.7 | .923 |
| Exclusion of Smokers | .629 | 7.9 | .205 |
| Exclusion of Women During Menstrual Period | −.145 | 1.6 | .893 |
| Exclusion Hormonal Contraceptives Usage | −.030 | 1.7 | .977 |
| Exclusion of All Illnesses | .128 | 4.0 | .769 |
| Exclusion of All Psychoactive Medication | .951 | 1.6 | .125 |
| Exclusion of BMI Greater Than 30 | NA | ||
| Use of an Immediate Recall Task Post-Encoding | .567 | 1.6 | .224 |
| Stressor Relevance of Items (Integral/Nonintegral) | NA | ||
| Context Change Between Reactivation and Stress | 1.196 | 3.8 | .007 |
| Context Change Between Learning and Retrieval | .421 | 1.4 | .604 |
| Stress Manipulated Between or Within Groups | NA | ||
| Item Valence (Compared to Neutral) | |||
| Negative | .346 | 6.3 | .554 |
| Positive | .535 | 4.0 | .360 |
| Study Material Type | |||
| Pictures | NA | ||
| Words | .289 | 3.8 | .298 |
| Narrative/Slideshow | NA | ||
| Autobiographical | −.786 | 1.6 | .183 |
| Other | .497 | 5.1 | .220 |
| Sensory Modality of Study Material Presentation | |||
| Verbal | NA | ||
| Visual | .162 | 4.1 | .502 |
| Verbal + Visual | .338 | 1.2 | .182 |
| Memory Task Type | |||
| Free Recall | .129 | 6.8 | .598 |
| Cued Recall | −.156 | 6.8 | .526 |
| Recognition | NA | ||
| Stressor Type | |||
| Socio-Evaluative | NA | ||
| Pain | .296 | 6.5 | .324 |
| Hybrid (Socio-Evaluative & Pain) | −.296 | 6.5 | .324 |
| Other | NA | ||
| Participant Age | .370 | 3.8 | .176 |
| Percent Male Participants | .006 | 2.3 | .718 |
| Time of Day Study Began | .002 | 1.8 | .202 |
| Study Item List Length | .007 | 2.1 | .247 |
| Number of Novel Items in a Recognition Task | NA | ||
| Delay (hours) Between Item Encoding and Retrieval | −.006 | 3.5 | .083 |
| Delay (min) Between Reactivation and Stress Onset | −.109 | 1.5 | .207 |
| Stressor Duration (min) | −.037 | 1.7 | .224 |
| Stress-Induced Δ-Cortisol (nmol/L) | −.001 | 2.8 | .994 |
| Length of Encoding Phase (min) | −.014 | 1.4 | .655 |
| Participant Homogeneity | .379 | 2.5 | .124 |
Note: The context change between reactivation and stress should not be trusted; see the main text for an explanation. Significant (p<.05) moderators are shown in boldface font. B represents the change in the effect size for every one-unit change in the moderator. For dummy-coded categorical variables, B represents the difference between estimated effects for each group; for contrast-coded categorical variables, B represents the difference between the group in question and the average estimated effect. If df < 4, there is a twofold greater risk of making a Type I error. The listed p value represents the significance of the moderator in question. When there were not enough studies to estimate an effect, NA is listed in the column for B.