Table 2.
Linear and Logistic Regression Models Estimating the Association of ACEs on Behavioral Problems at Age 9
| Externalizing behaviors | Clinical externalizing | Internalizing behaviors | Clinical internalizing | ADHD diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| No. of ACEs | B (SE) | Odds Ratio [95% CI] | B (SE) | Odds Ratio [95% CI] | Odds Ratio [95% CI] |
| Panel 1: Full Sample | |||||
| (0) | |||||
| 1 | .15 (.05)** | 2.21 [1.27,3.86]** | .13 (.05)* | 1.26 [0.76,2.08] | 1.19 [0.83,1.72] |
| 2 | .30 (.05)***a | 2.93 [1.68,5.10]*** | .26 (.05)***a | 2.07 [1.27,3.39]** a | 1.62 [1.12,2.34]* |
| 3 | .49 (.06)***a,b | 3.70 [2.07,6.62]*** a | .41 (.06)***a,b | 3.09 [1.85,5.17]*** a | 1.66 [1.10,2.49]* |
| 4+ | .74 (.06)***a,b,c | 6.96 [4.00,12.09]***a,b,c | .55 (.07)***a,b | 3.76 [2.26,6.27]*** a,b | 2.30 [1.54,3.43]*** a |
| Constant | 1.13 (.29)*** | 0.83 [0.10,6.70] | .66 (.30)* | 0.38 [0.04,3.25] | 1.69 [0.29,10.01] |
|
| |||||
| Panel 2: Race | |||||
|
| |||||
| White | |||||
|
| |||||
| (0) | |||||
| 1 | .21 (.09)* | 4.70 [1.30,17.0]* | .24 (.09)* | 2.61 [0.77,8.87] | 1.18 [.62,2.23] |
| 2 | .27 (.11)* | 6.31 [1.68,23.7]** | .36 (.10)*** | 3.63 [1.00,13.2]* | 1.67 [.83,3.37] |
| 3 | .42 (.13)** | 6.47 [1.59,26.3]** | .65 (.12)***a,b | 10.1 [2.92,34.7]*** a,b | .94 [.38,2.30] |
| 4+ | .75 (.14)***a,b,c | 18.7 [4.97,70.1]*** a,b,c | .69 (.13)***a,b | 12.4 [3.55,43.3]*** a,b | 2.28 [1.06,4.88]* |
| Constant | 1.80 (.67)** | 20.8 [0.095,4541.2] | 1.63 (.64)* | 24.3 [0.098,5998.5] | .60 [.010,34.3] |
|
| |||||
| Black | |||||
|
| |||||
| (0) | |||||
| 1 | .12 (.08) | 2.07 [0.87,4.91] | .082 (.08) | 1.04 [0.41,2.62] | 1.29 [.69,2.40] |
| 2 | .34 (.08)***a | 3.03 [1.30,7.05]** | .22 (.08)** | 2.49 [1.07,5.78]* a | 2.57 [1.43,4.61]** a |
| 3 | .54 (.09)***a,b | 3.94 [1.67,9.32]** a | .35 (.09)***a | 2.70 [1.11,6.52]* a | 2.57 [1.38,4.79]** a |
| 4+ | .85 (.09)***a,b,c | 8.68 [3.81,19.8]*** a,b.c | .53 (.09)***a,b | 4.11 [1.73,9.71]** a | 3.35 [1.79,6.27]*** a |
| Constant | 1.00 (.40)* | 0.24 [0.013,4.38] | .40 (.40) | 0.030 [0.00088,1.00]* | .80 [.060,10.5] |
|
| |||||
| Hispanic | |||||
|
| |||||
| (0) | |||||
| 1 | .11 (.09) | 1.11 [0.40,3.06] | .071 (.11) | 1.07 [0.50,2.29] | .90 [.45,1.80] |
| 2 | .21 (.10)* | 1.42 [0.53,3.81] | .19 (.11) | 1.46 [0.67,3.18] | .74 [.34,1.61] |
| 3 | .47 (.13)***a,b | 2.04 [0.69,6.04] | .33 (.14)* | 2.31 [0.93,5.74] | 1.22 [.51,2.92] |
| 4+ | .46 (.13)***a | 1.54 [0.49,4.84] | .43 (.15)*a | 2.27 [0.91,5.70] | 1.34 [.58,3.13] |
| Constant | .58 (.51) | 1.45 [0.032,66.8] | −.052 (.58) | 0.18 [0.0077,4.37] | 1.91 [.078,46.8] |
|
| |||||
| Panel 3: Gender | |||||
|
| |||||
| Female | |||||
|
| |||||
| (0) | |||||
| 1 | .21 (.07)** | 3.74 [1.33,10.5]* | .13 (.07) | 1.49 [.59,3.72] | 1.12 [.58,2.15] |
| 2 | .36 (.07)***a | 5.90 [2.12,16.4]*** | .25 (.08)** | 2.78 [1.16,6.67]* | 1.67 [.86,3.22] |
| 3 | .56 (.09)***a,b | 6.69 [2.36,19.0]*** | .42 (.09)*** a | 4.36 [1.80,10.6]** a | 1.40 [.66,2.96] |
| 4+ | .63 (.09)***a,b | 10.5 [3.70,29.9]*** a | .42 (.10)*** a | 3.37 [1.30,8.76]* a | 2.58 [1.26,5.27]** a |
| Constant | 1.12 (.40)** | .95 [.036,24.8] | .54 (.43) | .11 [.0023,5.57] | 2.83 [.11,73.0] |
|
| |||||
| Male | |||||
|
| |||||
| (0) | |||||
| 1 | .098 (.07) | 1.61 [0.82,3.18] | .13 (.07) | 1.15 [.62,2.11] | 1.24 [.80,1.93] |
| 2 | .24 (.08)** | 1.80 [0.89,3.64] | .27 (.08)*** | 1.79 [.97,3.29] | 1.65 [1.05,2.58]* |
| 3 | .44 (.09)***a,b | 2.57 [1.24,5.32]* | 0.42 (.09)*** a | 2.72 [1.43,5.18]** a | 1.79 [1.09,2.92]* |
| 4+ | .79 (.09)***a,b,c | 5.53 [2.82,10.8]*** a,b,c | .64 (.09)*** a,b,c | 4.01[2.16,7.44]*** a,b | 2.18 [1.35,3.54]** a |
| Constant | .99 (.41)* | .70 [.046,10.5] | .75 (.41) | .41 [.029,5.86] | .98 [.12,8.21] |
|
| |||||
| Panel 4: Maternal | |||||
| Education | |||||
|
| |||||
| <HS | |||||
|
| |||||
| (0) | |||||
| 1 | .091 (.11) | .98 [.45,2.15] | .069 (.12) | 0.84 [.42,1.71] | .79 [.40,1.56] |
| 2 | .34 (.12)**a | 1.72 [.82,3.61] | .25 (.13)* | 1.10 [.54,2.26] | 1.36 [.70,2.62] |
| 3 | .44 (.13)**a | 1.48 [.64,3.40] | .38 (.14)** a | 1.59 [.74,3.40] | 1.14 [.54,2.37] |
| 4+ | .61 (.14)***a,b | 3.06 [1.44,6.50]** a,c | .54 (.14)*** a,b | 2.05 [.98,4.28]a | 1.81[.91,3.63] a |
| Constant | .57 (.54) | .12 [.0058,2.39] | .17 (.57) | .26 [.016,4.21] | .68 [.034,13.5] |
|
| |||||
| HS | |||||
|
| |||||
| (0) | |||||
| 1 | .12 (.09) | 3.40 [0.97,12.0] | .10 (.09) | 1.38 [.50,3.85] | .92 [.47,1.81] |
| 2 | .29 (.10)** | 7.02 [2.07,23.8]** a | .30 (.09)** a | 3.33 [1.29,8.57]* a | 1.99 [1.06,3.73]* a |
| 3 | .47 (.10)***a | 6.66 [1.91,23.2]** | .32 (.10)** a | 2.85 [1.03,7.83]* | 1.74 [.86,3.49] a |
| 4+ | .91 (.11)***a,b,c | 17.6 [5.26,58.8]*** a,b,c | .52 (.11)*** a,b | 4.57 [1.68,12.5]** a | 2.24 [1.11,4.53]* a |
| Constant | 1.32 (.51) ** | 7.99 [.16,395.4] | .86 (.49) | .30 [.0043,21.5] | .54 [.021,14.2] |
|
| |||||
| >HS | |||||
|
| |||||
| (0) | |||||
| 1 | .22 (.06)*** | 5.99 [1.74,20.6]** | .20 (.07)** | 2.20 [.73,6.65] | 1.96 [1.09,3.53]* |
| 2 | .23 (.07)*** | 2.18 [0.52,9.08] a | .21 (.07)** | 3.11 [1.02,9.45]* | 1.34 [.68,2.64] |
| 3 | .53 (.09)***a,b | 9.20 [2.49,34.0]*** b | .51 (.09)*** a,b | 11.5 [3.83,34.4]*** a,b | 2.27 [1.09,4.70]* |
| 4+ | .63 (.09)***a,b | 9.45 [2.52,35.4]*** b | .51 (.09)*** a,b | 7.33 [2.35,22.8]*** a | 2.74 [1.34,5.62]** b |
| Constant | 1.34 (.41)** | 1.00 [.0075,134.4] | .64 (.44) | .38 [.0034,43.7] | 102.4 [3.18,3289.4]** |
Note. N=3108 for the externalizing behavioral problems and ADHD diagnosis models. N= 3043 for the internalizing behavior problems models. The externalizing behaviors and internalizing behaviors outcomes have been standardized to have a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1 in the full sample. Models adjust for birth and sociodemographic characteristics. The reference group is children with 0 ACEs.
a
= Differs from 1 ACE at p<.05;
b
= Differs from 2 ACEs at p<.05;
c
= Differs from 3 ACEs at p<.05.
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01,
***
p < .001