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. 2017 May 18;7:2063. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02275-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) alleviated acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer in rats, which was mediated by TRPV1 and vagus nerve. (a) Photographs showing the gross appearance of the gastric mucosa in rats treated with acetic acid in the wall of stomach compared with normal tissue of NS control group. Different sizes of ulcer are seen in the six acid-treated groups except the NS control. (i) NS control group; (ii) ulcer control group; (iii) SNP (3 mg/kg, i.p., bid) group; (iv) CZP (1.2 mg/kg, i.p., bid) group; (v) CZP + SNP group; (vi) vagotomy group; (vii) vagotomy + SNP group. (b) Summary values showing the gastric ulcer area (UA) in the seven groups. SNP treatment decreased UA. TRPV1 antagonist didn’t produce higher UA, but reduced the effect of SNP. Prior subdiaphragmatic vagotomy increased UA, and abolished the protective effective of SNP. n = 10 in vagotomy group, n = 6 in the other six groups, *P < 0.05 vs NS control group, ^# P < 0.05 vs ulcer control group, Dunn’s post hoc test after a one-way ANOVA. (c) Histopathological examination of the gastric mucosa in the five groups. (d) Summary values showing the local MPO levels in the rat stomach in each group. The MPO level of ulcer control group was significantly increased; that was decreased with the administration of SNP. Prior subdiaphragmatic vagotomy increased MPO activity. CZP or vagotomy abolished the effect of SNP. n = 8 in each column, *P < 0.05 vs NS control group, ^# P < 0.05 vs ulcer control group, Dunn’s post hoc test after a one-way ANOVA.