Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2017 May 18;7:2067. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02193-2

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Multitrophic Effects of Belowground Parasitoid Learning. Plants release volatiles in response to induction of plant defense pathways. Exposure to these volatiles, in addition to recruiting entomopathogenic nematodes, can alter nematode infection behavior. Behavioral plasticity in response to plant volatiles can influence entomopathogenic nematode hosts, nematophagous fungal predators, and other entomopathogenic nematodes not exposed to the volatiles. These multitrophic effects of belowground entomopathogenic behavioral plasticity culminate in reducing root herbivory. Percent values indicate percent change in infection probability of D. abbreviatus in the presence of the plant volatile d-limonene due to behavioral plasticity of entomopathogenic nematode infective juveniles resulting from d-limonene exposure. Ranges in brackets indicate 95% confidence intervals. Arrows indicate direction of effect, not flow of energy as in traditional food web diagrams. Citrus tree ©Can Stock Photo Inc. Insect larva courtesy BugBoy 52.40. Fungal hyphae courtesy Bob Blaylock.