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. 2017 May 18;7:2091. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02286-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Daily pattern of gene expression coding for NFκB or MAPK families in rat pineal glands. Gene expression was determined by qPCR. Values are shown as the relative expression ratio normalized by the reference gene Rpl13. Each value represents the mean ± SEM of three independent arrays per ZT. The difference in gene expression between ZT12L and ZT12D were compared by independent Student “t” test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, NS = P > 0.05.