Table 2.
An overview of studies utilizing the host as bioreactor for TEBV generation
| Implant characteristics | Implant location | Additional treatment | # grafted | Length | Model | Grafting technique | Patency inspection | Patency | Time | Components reported n TC | Components reported after grafting | Burst pressure | Comments | Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Silastic | Peritoneal cavity | Evert tissue capsule | 30 | 10 mm | Wistar rats | Abdominal aorta end-to-end | Direct inspection | 67% | 2–6 months | Commonly seen macrophages, myofibroblasts, connective tissue, mesothelial cells. | α-SMA (+), myosin (+) SMC like cells. | - | Mesothelium remained after graftin | Campbell et al. [58] |
| Silastic | Peritoneal cavity | Evert tissue capsule | 20 | 20 mm | New Zealand White rabbits | Abdominal aorta end-to-end | Direct inspection | 70% | 2–6 months | Commonly seen macrophages, myofibroblasts, connective tissue, mesothelial cells. | α-SMA (+), myosin (+) SMC like cells. | - | Mesothelium remained after graftin | Campbell et al. [58] |
| Numerous | Peritoneal cavity | Tubing type / mesh application | 11 | 50–70 mm | Mongrel dogs | Femoral artery end-to-end | Clinical examination, doppler ultrasound scanning | No mesh 83% Mesh 60% |
Between 3 and 6.5 months Between 3 and 6.5 months |
α-SMA (+), vim (+), des (−) myofibrobalsts, some macrophages. | Myosin (+) SMC like cells. Monolayer of endothelium. | 2500 mmHg, | Mesh improved encapsulation, but decreased patency | Chue et al. [59] |
| Silicone | Dorsum - subcutaneous | Argatroban | 10 | 20 mm | Japanese white rabbits | Common carotid artery - end-to-end | - | 75% 100% 75% |
6 weeks 2 weeks 12 weeks |
Predominant fibroblasts and collagen. | Circumfirential collagen, α-SMA (+) (myo-) fibroblast or SMC. Monolayer of endothelium. Few elastic fibers. | ~1000 mmHG | Argatrobanloading to decrease thrombogenicity | Watanabe et al. [66] |
| Silicone | Dorsum - subcutaneous | Argatroban | 1 | 30 mm | Japanese white rabbits | Common carotid artery - end-to-end | - | 100% | 26 months | Predominant fibroblasts and collagen. | Circumfirential collagen, α-SMA (+) (myo-) fibroblast or SMC. Monolayer of endothelium. Elastin lamina. | ~1000 mmHG | Extremely long patency yet only one animal | Watanabe et al. [67] |
| Silicone | Dorsum - subcutaneous | Argatroban | 6 | 20 mm | Female wistar | Abdominal aorta end-to-end | Angiography | 67% | 12 weeks | Collagen rich tissue. | Circumfirential collagen, aSMA (+) (myo-) fibroblast or SMC. Monolayer of endothelium. Elastin like mesh seen. | 1085 mmHg | Introduction sheeth used Interesting presence of elastin |
Yamanami et al. [71] |
| Type C – mold system | Dorsum - subcutaneous | Argatroban | 6 | 10 mm | Female Beagles | Femoral artery end-to-end | ultrasonography | Original: biotube 33% Type C: 100% |
7 days | Fibroblasts and collagen. | Elastin present. Thick, collagen rich, elastin present. |
Original: biotube 944 mmHg Type C: 1825 mmHg |
Improvement over original design | Furukoshi et al. [15] |
| Silicone, fascia | Medial thigh - subcutaneous | Fascia covered | 15 | 10 mm | Female Japanese white rabbits | Femoral artery end-to-end | Milking test | 60% 80% 80% |
2 weeks 5 weeks 8 weeks |
- | Fibroblast, endothelium ingrowth. | - | Interesting concept to incorporate dorsal fascia | Tsukagoshi et al. [16] |
| PEOT/PBT 55/45 | Abdomen - subcutaneous | Chloroform etching | 8 | 80 mm | Female landrace pigs | Carotid artery bilateral, end-to-end | Angiography | 88% | 4 weeks | (myo-)fibroblasts, ECM, some luminal macrophages. | Predominantly desmin (+) SMC like cells, no leukocytes, Monolayer of endothelium, some elastin positivity. | 5211,04 mmHg (derived burst pressure) | Biomaterial surface modification to tailor FBR | Rothuizen et al. [14] |
α- SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin; SMC, smooth muscle cell; vim, vimentin; des, desmin; FBR, foreign body response