Table 1.

Study inclusion and exclusion criteria

Study type	Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Total ankle arthroplasty studies	Published since January 2006 Third-generation implant approved for use in the USA Specific implants: HINTEGRA, STAR, Salto, INBONE Minimum of 200 ankles Report primary research Report complication, reoperation, and/or revision rate data	Revision data Duplicate data Non-consecutive series Restricted patient cohorts
Ankle arthrodesis studies	Published since January 2006 Open and/or arthroscopic fusion technique Minimum of 80 ankles Report primary research Report complication, reoperation, and/or revision rate data	Revision data Duplicate data Non-consecutive series Restricted patient cohorts
Total ankle arthroplasty vs. arthrodesis studies	Published since January 2006 Meet implant and fusion technique criteria stated above Report primary research	Revision data Duplicate data Non-consecutive series Restricted patient cohorts

Abbreviations: TAA total ankle arthroplasty, AA ankle arthrodesis, kin studies studies reporting results from the same patient population at different time intervals