Table 3.

Total ankle arthroplasty and ankle arthrodesis study complications, reoperations, and failures

		Complication rate
Author	Number of ankles	Wound complications (n)	Fracture (n)	Deep infection (n)	TAA aseptic loosening/AA nonunion (n)	Overall rate (n)	Non-revision reoperation rate	Revision for implant failure (TAA) or revision fusion (AA)	Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis
Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA)
Gross et al. [14]	455	NR	NR	1.5% (7)	NR	14.1% (64)	NR	3.1% (14)	NR
Demetracopoulos et al. [15]	395	6.6% (26)	NR	0.8% (3)	NR	NR	9.6% (38)	5.1% (20)	NR
Lewis et al. [16]	249	8.4% (21)	3.6% (9)	1.2% (3)	4.0% (10)	NR	14.5% (36)	8.4% (21)	NR
Barg et al. [17]	722	NR	NR	0.4% (3)	5.8% (42)	NR	NR	8.4% (61)	94.0% at 5 years 84.0% at 10 years
Schenk et al. [18]	218	2.3% (5)	2.3% (5)	1.4% (3)	1.8% (4)	NR	NR	16.5% (36)	86.6% at 5 years (95% CI 81.2–91.9)
Wood et al. [19]	200	2.5% (5)	9.5% (19)	NR	12.5% (25)	32.5% (65)	3.0% (6)	12.0% (24)	93.3% at 5 years (95% CI 89.8–96.8) 80.3% at 10 years (95% CI 71.0–89.6)
Adjusted rate	2239	5.4% (57/1062)	4.9% (33/667)	0.9% (19/2039)	5.8% (81/1389)	19.7% (129/655)	9.5% (80/844)	7.9% (176/2239)
Ankle arthrodesis (AA)
Chalayon et al. [8]	215	14.4% (31)	0.9% (2)	5.1% (11)	9.3% (20)	40.9% (88)	11.2% (24)	7.4% (16)	NR
Gordon et al. [9]	82	2.4% (2)	1.2% (1)	0% (0)	0% (0)	20.7% (17)	14.6% (12)	0% (0)	NR
Zwipp et al. [10]	94	5.3% (5)	0% (0)	0% (0)	1.1% (1)	9.6% (9)	3.2% (3)	1.1% (1)	NR
Nielsen et al. [11]	107	NR	NR	2.8% (3)	10.3% (11)	NR	23.4% (25)	4.7% (5)	NR
Muckley et al. [12]	110	10% (11)	0.9% (1)	7.3% (8)	14.5% (16)	19.1% (21)	NR	10% (11)	NR
Adjusted rate	608	9.8% (49/501)	0.8% (4/501)	3.6% (22/608)	7.9% (48/608)	26.9% (135/501)	12.9% (64/498)	5.4% (33/608)

Abbreviations: TAA total ankle arthroplasty, AA ankle arthrodesis, NR not reported, CI confidence interval