Table 4.
Adjusted mean (standard error) for the Physical Health Component Summary Score for the type and autonomy of social participation, stratified by gender
| Males | Females | Interaction | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Na | Mean (SE) | P b | Na | Mean (SE) | P b | ||||||
| Volunteer groups | |||||||||||
| Non-participation | 3,995 | 46.66 (0.20) | 0.430 | 5,568 | 46.17 (0.20) | * | 0.004 | p = 0.421 | |||
| Very/rather obligatory | 341 | 46.93 (0.39) | 298 | 46.11 (0.41) | |||||||
| Rather voluntary | 379 | 46.84 (0.38) | 567 | 47.06 (0.33) | * | ||||||
| Very voluntary | 372 | 47.19 (0.38) | 522 | 46.76 (0.34) | |||||||
| Sports groups | |||||||||||
| Non-participation | 3,627 | 46.59 (0.20) | * | <0.001 | 4,654 | 46.02 (0.20) | * | * | <0.001 | p = 0.650 | |
| Very/rather obligatory | 144 | 46.42 (0.56) | 158 | 46.56 (0.53) | |||||||
| Rather voluntary | 493 | 47.21 (0.34) | 757 | 46.97 (0.30) | * | ||||||
| Very voluntary | 811 | 47.93 (0.30) | * | 1,361 | 47.10 (0.26) | * | |||||
| Hobby clubs | |||||||||||
| Non-participation | 3,230 | 46.58 (0.20) | * | <0.001 | 3,674 | 46.02 (0.20) | * | * | <0.001 | p = 0.190 | |
| Very/rather obligatory | 144 | 46.14 (0.56) | 173 | 46.68 (0.51) | |||||||
| Rather voluntary | 720 | 46.64 (0.30) | * | 1,122 | 46.68 (0.27) | * | |||||
| Very voluntary | 983 | 47.63 (0.28) | * | * | 1,962 | 46.97 (0.25) | * | ||||
| Senior citizens’ clubs | |||||||||||
| Non-participation | 4,531 | 46.75 (0.20) | 0.317 | 6,350 | 46.27 (0.20) | 0.351 | p = 0.240 | ||||
| Very/rather obligatory | 298 | 46.64 (0.41) | 302 | 45.73 (0.41) | |||||||
| Rather voluntary | 175 | 45.87 (0.51) | 204 | 46.72 (0.48) | |||||||
| Very voluntary | 85 | 47.07 (0.72) | 91 | 46.22 (0.69) | |||||||
| Neighborhood community associations | |||||||||||
| Non-participation | 2,557 | 46.60 (0.21) | 0.251 | 3,169 | 45.92 (0.21) | * | * | <0.001 | p = 0.014 | ||
| Very/rather obligatory | 1,692 | 46.82 (0.24) | 2,623 | 46.66 (0.22) | * | ||||||
| Rather voluntary | 566 | 46.80 (0.33) | 869 | 47.16 (0.29) | * | ||||||
| Very voluntary | 257 | 47.38 (0.44) | 274 | 46.27 (0.42) | |||||||
| Cultural groups | |||||||||||
| Non-participation | 4,301 | 46.67 (0.20) | 0.051 | 5,294 | 46.19 (0.20) | * | * | 0.003 | p = 0.540 | ||
| Very/rather obligatory | 132 | 45.99 (0.58) | 205 | 46.41 (0.48) | |||||||
| Rather voluntary | 304 | 47.49 (0.41) | 673 | 46.88 (0.31) | * | ||||||
| Very voluntary | 357 | 47.12 (0.39) | 773 | 46.90 (0.30) | * | ||||||
The data in this table are adjusted for age, family size, BMI, comorbidities, smoking, alcohol intake, depression and cognitive functioning
aThe total N varies slightly between each group as a result of missing data
bThis is by use of an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for differences in mean scores
* P<0.05 with the Bonferroni correction method