Table 5.
Adjusted mean (standard error) for the Mental Health Component Summary Score for the type and autonomy of social participation, stratified by gender
| Males | Females | Interaction | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Na | Mean (SE) | P b | Na | Mean (SE) | P b | ||||||||||
| Volunteer groups | |||||||||||||||
| Non-participation | 3,995 | 48.44 (0.17) | 0.196 | 5,568 | 47.65 (0.17) | * | <0.001 | p = 0.029 | |||||||
| Very/rather obligatory | 341 | 47.83 (0.33) | 298 | 47.13 (0.36) | * | ||||||||||
| Rather voluntary | 379 | 48.11 (0.33) | 567 | 48.13 (0.29) | |||||||||||
| Very voluntary | 372 | 48.43 (0.33) | 522 | 48.68 (0.30) | * | * | |||||||||
| Sports groups | |||||||||||||||
| Non-participation | 3,627 | 48.37 (0.17) | * | <0.001 | 4,654 | 47.58 (0.18) | * | * | <0.001 | p = 0.937 | |||||
| Very/rather obligatory | 144 | 47.26 (0.48) | * | 158 | 46.37 (0.47) | * | * | * | |||||||
| Rather voluntary | 493 | 48.29 (0.30) | * | 757 | 47.79 (0.26) | * | * | ||||||||
| Very voluntary | 811 | 49.20 (0.26) | * | * | * | 1,361 | 48.60 (0.23) | * | * | * | |||||
| Hobby clubs | |||||||||||||||
| Non-participation | 3,230 | 48.34 (0.17) | * | 0.009 | 3,674 | 47.58 (0.18) | * | <0.001 | p = 0.193 | ||||||
| Very/rather obligatory | 144 | 47.59 (0.48) | * | 173 | 46.37 (0.47) | * | |||||||||
| Rather voluntary | 720 | 48.40 (0.26) | 1,122 | 47.79 (0.26) | * | ||||||||||
| Very voluntary | 983 | 48.91 (0.24) | * | * | 1,962 | 48.60 (0.23) | * | * | * | ||||||
| Senior citizens’ clubs | |||||||||||||||
| Non-participation | 4,531 | 48.39 (0.17) | 0.218 | 6,350 | 47.70 (0.17) | 0.009 | p = 0.801 | ||||||||
| Very/rather obligatory | 298 | 47.88 (0.36) | 302 | 47.05 (0.36) | * | * | |||||||||
| Rather voluntary | 175 | 48.74 (0.44) | 204 | 48.43 (0.42) | * | ||||||||||
| Very voluntary | 85 | 49.03 (0.63) | 91 | 48.86 (0.61) | * | ||||||||||
| Neighborhood community associations | |||||||||||||||
| Non-participation | 2,557 | 48.33 (0.18) | 0.029 | 3,169 | 47.57 (0.18) | * | * | <0.001 | p = 0.449 | ||||||
| Very/rather obligatory | 1,692 | 48.30 (0.20) | 2,623 | 47.59 (0.20) | * | * | |||||||||
| Rather voluntary | 566 | 48.82 (0.28) | 869 | 48.27 (0.25) | * | * | |||||||||
| Very voluntary | 257 | 49.15 (0.38) | 274 | 49.28 (0.38) | * | * | |||||||||
| Cultural groups | |||||||||||||||
| Non-participation | 4,301 | 48.41 (0.17) | 0.483 | 5,294 | 47.67 (0.17) | * | 0.001 | p = 0.331 | |||||||
| Very/rather obligatory | 132 | 48.10 (0.50) | 205 | 46.96 (0.42) | * | ||||||||||
| Rather voluntary | 304 | 48.02 (0.36) | 673 | 47.73 (0.28) | |||||||||||
| Very voluntary | 357 | 48.62 (0.34) | 773 | 48.43 (0.27) | * | * | |||||||||
The data in this table are adjusted for age, family size, BMI, comorbidities, smoking, alcohol intake, depression and cognitive functioning
aThe total N varies slightly between each group as a result of missing data
bThis is by use of an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for differences in mean scores
* P<0.05 with the Bonferroni correction method