Table 1.

Carotenoid content (µg g⁻¹ dry weight)^ɑ of orange maize grain, meal and bran variety GV664A grown in Zambia.

Grain source	Grain fraction or type	LUT	ZEA	βCX	13-cis-βC	βC	9-cis-βC	pVAC
Central Province§	Whole grain	2.6 ± 0.2a	6.5 ± 0.1a	4.9 ± 0.4a	1.2 ± 0.0a	3.9 ± 0.2a	1.2 ± 0.1a	7.6 ± 0.1a
Lusaka Province€	Whole grain	1.7 ± 0.1b	4.1 ± 0.2b	3.4 ± 0.3b	0.7 ± 0.0c	2.1 ± 0.1c	0.9 ± 0.0b	4.6 ± 0.3c
Lusaka Province€	Breakfast meal	2.0 ± 0.3b	4.9 ± 0.8b	3.6 ± 0.5b	0.9 ± 0.0b	2.6 ± 0.2b	1.1 ± 0.1a	5.4 ± 0.1b
Lusaka Province€	Bran + germ	0.3 ± 0.2c	0.8 ± 0.4c	0.7 ± 0.2c	0.3 ± 0.1d	0.6 ± 0.2d	0.3 ± 0.1c	1.3 ± 0.4d

^ɑDifferent lower case letters indicate significant differences within columns (p < 0.05). Values are average ± standard deviation (three farms). LUT = lutein; ZEA = zeaxanthin; βCX = β-cryptoxanthin; 13-cis-βC = 13-cis-β-carotene; βC = all trans-β-carotene; 9-cis-βC = 9-cis-β-carotene; pVAC = provitamin A carotenoids (expressed as β-carotene equivalents). Whole grain = hammer meal.

^§Freshly harvested grains from Central Province.

^€Obtained from grain stored for 3 months in farms.