Table 1.

Demographic, clinical, and behavioral information

Variables	MCI	CON	p value
Total number of subjects	77	89
Gender (male/female)	25/52	29/60	0.99
Age (y)
Range	58–87	60–87
Mean±SD	72.82 ± 5.67	72.93 ± 4.24	0.52
Education (P/H/U1)	6/37/34	18/41/30	0.06
MMSE
Range	23–30	24–30
Mean±SD	27.53 ± 1.59	28.4 ± 1.29	0.0005*
CDR2	0.5	0	—
IADL	13.22 ± 8.72	8.16 ± 0.66	<0.0001*
HAD
Depression score	1.88 ± 1.77	1.47 ± 1.71	0.09
Anxiety score	4.22 ± 2.51	4.06 ± 2.33	0.83
Total score	6.1 ± 3.66	5.53 ± 3.47	0.31
Trail making test (B/A)	2.89 ± 1.19	2.74 ± 1.22	0.32
Phonemic verbal fluency	18.4 ± 6.54	21.4 ± 5.58	0.002*
RI-48 cued recall
Immediate verbal	35.14 ± 5.09	38.84 ± 5.3	<0.0001*
cued recall
Total free recall	15.69 ± 4.19	26.85 ± 5.4	<0.0001*
Instrusions	4.33 ± 5.66	1.70 ± 1.68	<0.0001*
Digit span
Forward	7.95 ± 1.79	8.48 ± 1.73	0.08
Backward3	3.20 ± 2.88	3.94 ± 3.18	0.13
Visual memory span
Forward3	5.39 ± 3.28	6.94 ± 1.66	0.01*
Backward3	2.48 ± 3.25	4.82 ± 3.54	<0.0001*

MCI, mild cognitive impairment; CON, normal control; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating scale; IADL, Lawton’s Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale; HAD, Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale;

^*Significant group difference (p < 0.05).

¹Primary (<9 y)/High school (9–12 y)/University (>12 y);

²All CONs had the same CDR scores of 0, and all MCIs had the same CDR scores of 0.5;

³Several MCIs and/or CONs did not complete the test due to impairment; their scores were set to 0.