Table 4. Hazard ratios of depressive risk in the interferon-α-treated and matched cohort, analyzed by subgroup with Cox proportional hazards regression.
|
IFN-α-treated cohort |
Matched cohort |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without IFN-α-induced depression | IFN-α-induced depression; adjusted HRa (95% CI) | Without IFN-α-induced depression | IFN-α-induced depression; adjusted HR a (95% CI) | |
| Models | ||||
| History of anxiety disorder | 1.0 | 12.1 (9.9–16.5) | 1.0 | 22.5 (11.0–45.7) |
| History of depressive disorder | 1.0 | 12.3 (9.1–16.8) | — | — |
| History of antidepressant use | 1.0 | 13.4 (9.9–18.2) | — | — |
| History of zolpidem use | 1.0 | 11.1 (8.1–15.1) | 1.0 | 21.0 (10.4–42.4) |
| Subgroup analysis | ||||
| Age, years | ||||
| <50 | 1.0 | 14.1 (8.0–24.6) | 1.0 | 49.0 (7.7–313.0) |
| 50–59 | 1.0 | 13.1 (8.5–20.2) | 1.0 | 56.4 (12.2–260.8) |
| ⩾60 | 1.0 | 15.2 (7.4–31.3) | 1.0 | 145.9 (1.9–11425) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.0 | 16.5 (10.4–26.3) | 1.0 | 30.1 (9.2–99.0) |
| Female | 1.0 | 12.6 (8.3–19.0) | 1.0 | 41.5 (11.7–148.0) |
| Medical diseases | ||||
| Diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 6.9 (2.8–17.3) | 1.0 | — |
| No | 1.0 | 15.3 (11.1–21.2) | 1.0 | 21.0 (12.2–36.1) |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 21.9 (13.2–36.4) | 1.0 | — |
| No | 1.0 | 10.9 (7.40–15.9) | 1.0 | 37.7 (12.1–116.9) |
| Hypercholesterolemia | ||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 12.4 (6.5–23.7) | 1.0 | — |
| No | 1.0 | 14.1 (9.9–20.0) | 1.0 | 42.2 (14.1–126.1) |
| COPD | ||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 7.2 (2.9–17.8) | 1.0 | — |
| No | 1.0 | 15.6 (11.3–21.6) | 1.0 | 25.9 (11.2–59.9) |
| Liver cirrhosis | ||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 18.4 (8.1–41.5) | 1.0 | — |
| No | 1.0 | 12.7 (9.1–17.7) | 1.0 | 27.9 (11.7–66.3) |
| Anxiety disorder | ||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 7.4 (4.1–13.2) | 1.0 | — |
| No | 1.0 | 15.0 (10.5–21.6) | 1.0 | 17.5 (7.7–39.8) |
| Zolpidem therapy | ||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 8.1 (5.2–12.4) | 1.0 | — |
| No | 1.0 | 17.8 (11.4–27.6) | 1.0 | 38.2 (9.2–158.7) |
| Past history | ||||
| Depressive disorder | ||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 8.0 (3.5–18.1) | 1.0 | — |
| No | 1.0 | 14.6 (10.5–20.4) | 1.0 | 17.8 (8.8–35.8) |
| Antidepressant use | ||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 13.1 (6.7–25.6) | 1.0 | 212.2 (28.2–1594) |
| No | 1.0 | 14.3 (10.1–20.2) | 1.0 | 20.9 (9.8–44.4) |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HR, hazard ratio; IFN, interferon.
aAdjusted for age, sex, income, urbanization, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver cirrhosis, coronary heart disease, anemia and thyroid disease.