Table 2. Knowledge: Comparisons within and between control and experimental groups.
| Variable | Control (N = 369) | Experimental (N = 372) | C v E | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-test (baseline) | Re-test (no intervention) | Change | Effect Size | P-value | Pre-test (baseline) | Post-test after intervention | Change | Effect Size | P-value | P-value | |
| Total score* | 13.54 (13.27, 13.82) | 13.59 (13.32, 13.86) | 0.05 (-0.12, 0.22) | 0.03 | 0.684 | 13.54 (13.28, 13.80) | 16.19 (15.94, 16.42) | 2.65 (2.37, 2.93) | 0.95 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Question 1a† | 94.3 | 94.9 | 0.6 | 0.03 | 0.637 | 95.2 | 98.1 | 2.9 | 0.17 | 0.014 | 0.057 |
| Question 1b† | 93.5 | 94.6 | 1.1 | 0.05 | 0.371 | 94.4 | 97.0 | 2.6 | 0.13 | 0.013 | 0.168 |
| Question 1c† | 6.0 | 6.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 7.3 | 9.9 | 2.6 | 0.09 | 0.123 | 0.311 |
| Question 1d† | 91.9 | 95.7 | 3.8 | 0.16 | 0.011 | 90.6 | 97.8 | 7.2 | 0.33 | <0.001 | 0.050 |
| Question 1e† | 93.0 | 95.9 | 2.9 | 0.13 | 0.043 | 90.3 | 98.7 | 8.4 | 0.40 | <0.001 | 0.005 |
| Question 1f† | 93.8 | 97.0 | 3.2 | 0.16 | 0.008 | 90.1 | 98.7 | 8.6 | 0.41 | <0.001 | 0.016 |
| Question 1g† | 8.1 | 6.5 | -1.6 | 0.06 | 0.180 | 7.0 | 20.4 | 13.4 | 0.40 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Question 2a† | 83.2 | 85.4 | 2.2 | 0.06 | 0.157 | 84.1 | 96.8 | 12.7 | 0.46 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Question 2b† | 44.2 | 40.4 | -3.8 | 0.08 | 0.051 | 44.6 | 55.1 | 10.5 | 0.21 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Question 2c† | 91.1 | 91.9 | 0.8 | 0.03 | 0.564 | 88.7 | 94.4 | 5.7 | 0.21 | <0.001 | 0.022 |
| Question 2d† | 60.7 | 57.2 | -3.5 | 0.07 | 0.052 | 58.3 | 59.7 | 1.4 | 0.03 | 0.612 | 0.129 |
| Question 2e† | 74.0 | 75.3 | 1.3 | 0.03 | 0.384 | 71.0 | 92.5 | 21.5 | 0.58 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Question 3a† | 44.2 | 46.1 | 1.9 | 0.04 | 0.262 | 48.7 | 82.8 | 34.1 | 0.74 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Question 3b† | 81.6 | 81.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 80.6 | 92.2 | 11.6 | 0.35 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Question 3c† | 47.7 | 49.1 | 1.4 | 0.03 | 0.411 | 45.2 | 84.9 | 39.7 | 0.87 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Question 4† | 39.6 | 41.2 | 1.6 | 0.03 | 0.460 | 35.5 | 40.9 | 5.4 | 0.11 | 0.058 | 0.288 |
| Question 5† | 64.0 | 63.1 | -0.9 | 0.02 | 0.662 | 64.2 | 84.1 | 19.9 | 0.46 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Question 6† | 52.8 | 41.7 | -11.1 | 0.22 | <0.001 | 54.6 | 70.7 | 16.1 | 0.33 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Question 7† | 74.0 | 74.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 75.5 | 84.4 | 8.9 | 0.22 | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| Question 8† | 45.5 | 46.1 | 0.6 | 0.01 | 0.670 | 54.3 | 62.1 | 7.8 | 0.16 | <0.001 | 0.004 |
| Question 9† | 71.5 | 75.9 | 4.4 | 0.02 | 0.038 | 73.9 | 97.8 | 23.9 | 0.77 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
* Paired t-tests and Two-sample t-test for change from Pre-test to Re-test or Post-test (Re-Pre, Post-Pre): Mean (95% CI), Cohen’s d effect size
† Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) model for repeated measures: % correct, Cohen’s h effect size
Total Knowledge score ranges from 0–21. Effect size: 0.2 = small, 0.5 = medium, 0.8 = large, for both Cohen’s d and Cohen’s h