Table 1. Filarial nematodes with evidences of a pulmonary location.

Subfamilly	Parasite	Host (experimental/accidental)	Described stage	Pulmonary location	Ref
Oswaldofilariinae	Oswaldofilaria bacillaris (Molin, 1858)	Crocodylidae	Adults	Whole lungs	[15]
	Oswaldofilaria chlamydosauri (Breinl, 1913)	Agamidae, (Agamidae)	Adults	Whole lungs	[16]
	Conispiculum flavescens (Castellani et Willey, 1905)	Agamidae	Adults	Whole lungs	[17]
	Piratuba queenslandensis Mackerras, 1962	Varanidae	Adults	Whole lungs	[16]
	Piratuba varanicola Mackerras, 1962	Varanidae	Adults	Whole lungs	[16]
Dirofilariinae	Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856)	Canidae	Adults, mf	Pulmonary arteries, bronchus	[18]
	Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856)	(Humans)	Adults	Whole lungs	[19]
	Dirofilaria spectans Freitas et Lent, 1949	Mustelidae	Adults	Pulmonary arteries	[20]
	Foleyella dolichoptera Wehr et Causey, 1939	Ranidae	Adults	Lung tissue	[21]
Onchocercinae	Acanthocheilonema spirocauda (Leidy, 1858)	Phocidae	Adults	Pulmonary arteries, Whole lungs	[22]
	Acanthocheilonema viteae (Krepkogorskaya, 1933)	nd, (Rodents)	L3, L4	Whole lungs	[2]
	Brugia pahangi (Buckley & Edeson, 1956)	nd, (Rodents)	L3, L4, Adults	Whole lungs, pulmonary arteries	[2,23,24]
	Brugia malayi (Brug, 1927)	Humans	mf	Whole lungs	[25]
	Brugia malayi (Brug, 1927)	(Rodents)	L4, Adults, mf	Whole lungs, pulmonary arteries	[2,24]
	Brugia buckleyi Dissanaike et Paramananthan, 1961	Leporidae	Adults	Pulmonary arteries	[26]
	Cardiofilaria chabaudi Dissanaike et Fernando, 1965	Cuculidae	Adults	Whole lungs	[27]
	Deraiophoronema evansi (Lewis, 1882)	Camelidae	Adults	Pulmonary arteries	[28]
	Monanema globulosa (Muller ans Nelson, 1975)	nd, (Rodents)	L4, Adults	Whole lungs, pulmonary arteries	[2]
	Monanema martini Bain, Bartlett and Petit, 1986	nd, (Rodents)	L3, L4, Adults	Pulmonary arteries	[2]
Splendidofilariinae	Chandlerella chitwoodae Anderson, 1961	Psittacopasserae, Galloanserae	Adults	Pulmonary arteries	[29]
	Chandlerella bosei (Chandler, 1924)	Corvidae, Certhidae, Muscicapidae	Adults	Whole lungs	[30]
	Chandlerella sinensis Li, 1933	Corvidae	Adults	Whole lungs and trachea	[27]
	Dunnifilaria ramachandrani Mullin et Balasingam, 1973	Muridae	Adults	Pulmonary arteries	[31]
	Elaophora sagitta (Linstow, 1907)	Bovidae	Adults	Pulmonary arteries	[32]
	Paronchocerca ciconiarum Peter, 1936	Ciconidae	Adults	Pulmonary arteries	[33]
	Paronchocerca rousseloti Chabaud & Biocca, 1951	Phasianidae	Adults	Pulmonary arteries	[33]
	Paronchocerca francolina (Jairajpuri and Siddiqi, 1970)	Phasianidae	Adults	Whole lungs, air sacs	[33]
	Paronchocerca papillatus (Ali, 1956)	Phasianidae	Adults	Whole lungs	[33]
	Paronchocerca sonini Borgarenko, 1984	Scolopacidae	Adults	Whole lungs	[33]
	Paronchocerca struthionus Bartlett and Anderson, 1986	Struthionidae	Adults	Whole lungs	[33]
	Paronchocerca thapari Deshmukh, 1969	Phasianidae	Adults	Whole lungs	[33]
	Splendidofilaria algonquiensis (Anderson, 1955)	Hirundinidae	Adults	Pulmonary arteries	[34]
	Splendidofilaria caperata Hibler, 1964	Corvidae	Adults	Pulmonary arteries (wall)	[35]
	Splendidofilaria falconis (Sonin, 1966)	Falconidae	Adults	Whole lungs	[30]
	Splendidofilaria periarterialis (Caballero, 1948)	Tyrannidae	Adults	Pulmonary arteries (wall)	[36]
Setarinae	Setaria equina (Abildgaard, 1789)	Equidae, Bovidae, Camelidae	Adults	Whole lungs	[37]
	Setaria transcaucasica Assadov, 1952	Bovidae, Cervidae	Adults	Whole lungs	[37]

First column indicates the filarial subfamily and second column the filarial species. Natural hosts are presented in columns 3 and experimental/accidental hosts are indicated in parenthesis. The filarial stage described in the lung is indicated in column 5; details on the pulmonary location are given in column 6. nd = not described in lungs.