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. 2017 May 19;7:2185. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02278-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Changes in soil inorganic-N over time. Concentrations of extractable (a) ammonium-N (b) nitrite-N and (c) nitrate-N under near saturated (−1 kPa) or field capacity (−10 kPa) soil moisture conditions, following urea application (+N) or nil urea application (−N). Symbols are means (n = 4) with vertical error bars the standard error of the mean. Asterisks *^,**^,***indicate significant differences between moisture treatments under urea treatments at P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001, respectively.