Table 2.

Proposed research agenda for mobile phone survey (MPS) and noncommunicable disease (NCD) risk factor data collection

Goals	Objectives	BD4HI
Goal 1: Answer key questions on how to design and deliver robust MPS on NCDs.	Exploring the usability or technical requirements of MPS modalities, community perceptions, and willingness to take MPS.	The project will (1) identify lessons learned and challenges from individuals with experience of MPS (via key informant interviews); (2) understand community acceptance and willingness to respond to IVR (via focus group discussions); and (3) examine and refine the usability of an NCD risk factor survey delivered through an IVR platform (via semi-structured interviews).
	Exploring the impact of incentive amounts, incentive timing, and incentive structure on key MPS metrics.	Test impact of different incentive factors on key survey metrics; participants to receive different incentive (1) amounts (including none), (2) timing (prepaid to poststudy), and (3) structures (fixed, lottery).
	Exploring the impact of the content, type, and modality of introductory messages on key MPS metrics.	Exploring the impact of different content (informational, motivational) and voice (male, female) of IVR introduction.
	Exploring the impact of different sampling frames on key MPS metrics.	Assess the benefit of using random digit dialing (RDD) compared with a list of preexisting phone numbers
	Exploring the impact of specific questions and their order on key MPS metrics.	Examine impact of different orders of NCD modules (eg, diet, tobacco use, alcohol) on key survey metrics.
Goal 2: Assess the comparative effectiveness of MPS modalities	Assess impact of MPS modality on key metrics, performance characteristics, and costs of MPS.	Participants will respond to either CATI or IVR using the same questionnaire; and response characteristics will be studied.
	Compare national or subnational indicators between MPS modalities.	Responses of participants to IVR and CATI surveys will be compared.
	MPS intermodal reliability and response consistency.	Participants will be randomized to one of two arms: IVR then CATI, or CATI then IVR. The questionnaires used in both study arms will be the same. Crossover design will allow for an assessment of response consistency
Goal 3: Explore ethical, legal and societal issues (ELSI) in the development, conduct, analysis, and reporting of MPS	Determine key ethical issues in the conduct of MPS.	Conduct of a systematic review of the literature to collect the most common ELSI and collate them according to broad themes.
	Describe common and preferred practices for obtaining individual consent or permission for MPS.	Conduct a survey of researchers, programmers, users, and stakeholders of MPS on and from LMICs to help define the prevalence of key ELSI; and how they have been addressed.
	Document commonly encountered regulatory complexities when conducting MPS and how have they been addressed.
	Identify key societal goals and values that are supportive of MPS and how these are balanced against other important interests.

^aBD4HI: Bloomberg Data for Health Initiative.

^bMPS: mobile phone surveys.

^cNCDs: noncommunicable diseases.

^dIVR: interactive voice response.

^eCATI: computer-assisted telephone interview.

^fELSI: ethical, legal, and societal issues.

^gLMICs: low- and middle-income countries.