Table 3.
Composition of other bioactive ingredients contained in sea-buckthorn oil and their significance for a human health
| Name of ingredient | Quantity | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| polyphenols | 120–550 mg% | antioxidant properties |
| phenolic acids: - salicylic - p-coumaric - m-coumaric - p-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid - gallic acid |
71 wt.% of polyphenols | participation in the creation of dyes and protection against the development of undesirable microflora [83] |
| flavonoids | inhibition of thrombosis and hypertension [84–86], and promotion of wound healing [87] | |
| - flavan-3-ols - (catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin) - kaempferol - quercetin - isorhamnetin - myricetin - rutin - proanthocyanidins |
antioxidants, stabilization of ascorbic acid [88] | |
| sterols | 1 wt.% | reduction of blood cholesterol level, importance in the treatment of burns, huge contribution in the synthesis of steroid hormones and other biologically active compounds [89, 90] |
| phytosterols | ||
| sitosterol | 48–53 wt.% of phytosterols | |
| tocopherols (vitamin E) | 110 mg% | antioxidants, according to the study, the degree of fruit ripeness effects on the content of tocopherols [91, 92] |
| α-tocopherol | 62–68 wt.% of tocopherols | |
| δ-tokoferol | 32–37 wt.% of tocopherols | |
| macronutrients | they are energy-providing chemical substances consumed by organisms in large quantities [93] | |
| potassium | 168–219 mg% | affects muscle spasms |
| magnesium | 8.3–9.5 mg% | with calcium is responsible for the proper functioning of the nervous system |
| calcium | 5–7.2 mg% | for the proper functioning of the muscular system |
| micronutrients | they are required by organisms throughout life in small quantities to orchestrate a range of physiological functions [93] | |
| iron | 1.24 mg% | component of hemoglobin, myoglobin and coenzymes many enzymes involved, among others, in the formation of ATP |
| zinc | 0.25 mg% | participates in various stages of protein biosynthesis, ingredient of insulin (also plays an important role in the storage of the pancreas), regulates the concentration of vitamin A is used in the formation of bone, stimulates growth and tissue repair (wound healing) |
| manganese | necessary for proper development of tissue (especially bone) and for the functioning of the central nervous system | |
| copper | 0.006 mg% | cofactor of many enzymes |
| nickel | 0.015 mg% | component of urease - an enzyme decomposing urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide |
| vitamins | they have diverse biochemical functions [93] | |
| vitamin C | 900 mg% | antioxidant, participates in the synthesis of collagen fibers, removes free radicals and strengthens immunity. |
| vitamin A | 60 mg% | antioxidant |
| vitamin E (tocopherols) | up to 160 mg% | antioxidant |
| vitamin B1 | 0.016–0.035 mg% | function as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them |
| vitamin B2 | 0.03–0.05 mg% | |
| vitamin B6 (Folic acid) | up to 0.079 mg% | |
| vitamin K1 | 0.9–15 mg% | normalizes blood clotting, and is essential for preventing osteoporosis and normal renal function |
| vitamin D | prevents rickets and osteomalacia | |
| carotenoids | 7.94–28.16 mg% | antioxidants and plant pigments, anticancer properties [91, 94–98] |
| δ-carotene | 14–25 wt.% of carotenoids | |
| γ-carotene | 30 wt.% of carotenoids | |
| lycopene | 30 wt.% of carotenoids | |
| zeaxanthin and other carotenoids | 15 wt.% of carotenoids |