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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017 Feb 10;153(6):1263–1272.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.12.059

Figure 2. Flow Patterns Visualization.

Figure 2

Three-dimensional (3D) streamline visualization of peak systolic flow in a BAV patient of R-L fusion type with no more than mild aortic dysfunction (BAV-CTL, Middle) in comparison with an aortic size-matched TAV volunteer (TAV-CTL, Top). Note the presence of distinct 3D outflow jet directing towards the right-anterior wall of ascending aorta via right-handed helix (black dashed arrows) in the R-L BAV subject. Bottom panels showed 3D velocity-coded vectors with uniform velocity limit of 1.2m/s in BAV patients with severe aortic insufficiency (BAV-AI), severe aortic stenosis (BAV-AS), BAV-CTL, and TAV-CTL at mid-ascending aorta. Different distributions of high velocity vectors can be appreciated between groups in correspondence to differential exertion of shear forces. BAV indicates bicuspid aortic valve; TAV, tricuspid aortic valve; R-L, right and left coronary cusp fusion type; A, anterior; LA, left anterior; L, left; LP, left posterior; P, posterior; RP, right posterior; R, right; and RA, right anterior.