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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Mar 16;28(6):428–436. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.02.009

Figure 1. Factors in the tumor microenvironment drive immunosuppression in GBM.

Figure 1

Soluble factors in the periphery and tumor microenvironment can shift adaptive and innate immune cell function to an immunosuppressive state. Microbiota products and onco-metabolites provide AHR agonists that inhibit inflammatory cytokine production by dendritic cells and macrophages, favoring the differentiation of CD4+ Treg cells. Moreover, hypoxic microenvironments favor tumor growth by inducing pro-tumorigenic macrophage polarization.