Table 1.
Polyphenols studied in experimental in vitro tests, in vivo models, and clinical trials.
| Polyphenols | Phytochemical | Main source | Cancer targets in vivo and in vitro | Clinical trials | References cancer targets/clinical trials | Chemical structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phenolic acids | Ellagic acid | Pomegranate, berries, grapes | Prostate | Prostate Follicular lymphoma |
[161–165]/ [166, 167] |
|
| Pancreas | ||||||
| Bladder | ||||||
| Breast | ||||||
| Colon | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Flavonoids | (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) | Green tea (Camellia sinensis) |
Prostate | Prostate Papilloma cervical Breast Prostate |
[168–174]/ [175–178] |
|
| Renal carcinoma | ||||||
| Breast | ||||||
| Laryngeal carcinoma | ||||||
| Non-small cell lung | ||||||
| Colon | ||||||
| Pancreas | ||||||
| Genistein | Soybean | Bone marrow | Prostate | [179–183]/ [184–187] |
|
|
| Prostate | Bone | |||||
| Breast | Endometrial | |||||
| Cervical | Breast | |||||
| Colon | Bladder | |||||
| Luteolin | Cabbages, celery, broccoli, onion leaves, parsley | Hepatocellular carcinoma | — | [188–193] |
|
|
| Oral squamous carcinoma | ||||||
| Prostate | ||||||
| Breast | ||||||
| Thyroid | ||||||
| Colorectal | ||||||
| Cervical | ||||||
| Lung | ||||||
| Silymarin | Thistle (Silybum marianum) |
Prostate | Upper gastrointestinal Leukemia |
[194–198]/ [199, 200] |
|
|
| Breast | ||||||
| Ovary | ||||||
| Colon | ||||||
| Lung | ||||||
| Bladder | ||||||
| Skin | ||||||
| Prostate | ||||||
| Quercetin | Capers, lovage leaves, apple | Pancreas | Large bowel | [201–206]/ [207–209] |
|
|
| Breast | Ovary | |||||
| Cervical | Pancreas | |||||
| Colon | Prostate | |||||
| Prostate | Thrombotic | |||||
| Lung | Colorectal | |||||
|
| ||||||
| Stilbenes | Resveratrol | Grape, berries | Breast | [38, 39, 210–217]/ [218–222] |
|
|
| Colorectal | ||||||
| Hepatic melanoma | ||||||
| Lung | Colorectal | |||||
| Pancreas | Colon | |||||
| Prostate | Gastrointestinal tumors | |||||
| Skin | ||||||
| Bladder | ||||||
| Ovarian | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Curcuminoids | Curcumin | Curcuma longa L. | Pancreas | Pancreas Colorectal Colon Liver Pancreas Breast Head and neck |
[40, 41, 223–230]/ [96, 231–238] |
|
| Prostate | ||||||
| Ovarian | ||||||
| Melanoma | ||||||
| Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | ||||||
| Leukemia | ||||||
| Hepatoma | ||||||
| Gastric | ||||||
| Glioblastoma | ||||||
| Lung | ||||||
| Breast | ||||||
| Cervical | ||||||
| Colorectal | ||||||
Clinical trials carried out considering phytochemicals as dietary complements or drugs (therapy) in cancer patients.
For the experimental studies, in vivo studies are in italic characters.
Chemical structures were obtained by using ChemDraw Professional 15.0 software.