Table 5.

Overview of lipid-based delivery systems to administer phytochemicals by oral route.

Active ingredient	Lipid-based formulation	Effect of formulation	Ref.
Vinorelbine	Liposomes	Reduced side effects and increased circulation half-life.	[94]
		Improved therapeutic effect in vivo.
Gypenoside		Activated in vitro immune response in macrophages.	[335]
Curcumin		Improved pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability in vivo.	[329, 336]
3-EGCG		Enhanced in vitro antitumor activity.	[337]
Brucine		Improved absorption and oral bioavailability, enhanced targeting, and reduced side effects in vivo.	[338, 339]
Quercetin	Phytosome	Enhanced membrane permeability, sustained and controlled release. Enhanced absorption, oral bioavailability, and bioefficacy.
Kaempferol			[101]
Isorhamnetin
Silybin			[98, 99]
3-EGCG			[102]
Quercetin			[100]
β-Elemene	Microemulsions	Increased water solubility and permeability and improved oral bioavailability.	[131]
Hydroxysafflor yellow A			[130]
Puerarin			[127, 340]
Baicalin	SEDS	Enhanced stability, oral bioavailability, and targeting effects in vitro and in vivo.	[134]
Curcumin	SMEDS	Enhanced stability, oral bioavailability, and targeting effects in vitro and in vivo.	[341]
Indirubin			[88]
Hydroxysafflor yellow A			[143, 144]
Gentiopicrin			[341]
Lutein			[342]
Apigenin			[343]
Nobiletin			[137]
Oridonin			[139]
Silymarin			[140]
Puerarin			[344]
Hesperidin			[345]
Berberine hydrochloride (BBH)			[346]
Morin	SNEDS	Enhanced stability, oral bioavailability, and targeting effects in vitro and in vivo.	[145]
Curcumin			[347]
Lutein			[146]
Oleanolic acid			[348]
Vinpocetine			[349]
Puerarin	SLNs	Improved absorption and oral bioavailability and reduced side effects (irritation of GI mucous membrane) in vivo.	[120, 121]
Triptolide			[350]
Cantharidin			[351]
Resveratrol			[352]
Silymarin	NLCs	Increased absorption and oral bioavailability in vivo. Enhanced in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity.	[123]
Tripterine			[124]
Curcumin