Figure 1.

Troop pedigree for the LCE field station in 2013. Offspring are arranged in birth order, with the oldest to the left. Therefore, ranks flow from right to left, following the youngest ascendancy rule. Families are denoted by similar colors; parentheses indicate animals no longer in troop; +, male removed in 2015; ‡, adult male remaining in 2015. (A) Matriline 3. UR*, α family until cessation of data collection. Y2*, only close kin were juveniles; overthrown February 2016 by family UR (dark blue) after a ~25-d tenure. B*, observed overthrowing family H in 2015 (removed 23 December 2015); family overthrown January 2016 by family Y (purple) and matriarch UR (dark blue) after a ~18-d tenure. CX was unusual in that she ranked within family H beginning in 2014. Although not closely related, she was analyzed as part of family H beginning in 2015, due to her rank (no. 5 in 2015; she also was overthrown with family H). P2* was the no. 3 female (permanently removed September 2015); family overthrown December 2015 by family B (tan) and likely family X (matriline 4) after a ~730-d tenure. E* and E2* were the α and β females at the beginning of the study in 2013; temporarily removed October 2013 and November 2013, respectively; family overthrown December 2013 by family H (light green) after a ~1460-d tenure (since 2009). (B) Matriline 4. Family X were instigators of bidirectional aggression to α family in 2015 (family H) and likely were involved in their overthrow. E2 was the lowest-ranking male. After the male cull, E2 rapidly increased in rank by aggressing higher-ranking females. He was chased out of the troop only 1 mo later. (C) Matriline 1. Except for WY, who was the troop's α male, this matriline was the lowest ranking.