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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Early Hum Dev. 2017 Mar 30;108:23–28. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.03.006

Table 2.

Associations of parental body mass index with infant subcutaneous fat mass measures 1

Fat mass measures in standard deviation scores Difference (95% Confidence Interval)
1.5 months 6 months 24 months
Model Body mass index Total subcutaneous fat mass Central-to-total subcutaneous fat mass ratio Body mass index Total subcutaneous fat mass Central-to-total subcutaneous fat mass ratio Body mass index Total subcutaneous fat mass Central-to-total subcutaneous fat mass ratio
Maternal model
  n = 845 n = 729 n = 694 n = 694 n = 739 n = 733 n = 733 n = 659 n = 631 n = 631
  Unadjusted model 0.05 (-0.03,0.12) 0 (-0.08,0.08) 0.04 (-0.04,0.11) 0.09 (0.02,0.17)* 0.04 (-0.04,0.11) 0.01 (-0.07,0.08) 0.19 (0.11,0.25)** 0.08 (0.01,0.16)* 0.08 (0.01,0.16)*
  Adjusted model§ 0.03 (-0.04,0.10) -0.02 (-0.10,0.06) 0.04 (-0.04,0.12) 0.09 (0.01,0.17)* 0.02 (-0.06,0.10) 0.02 (-0.06,0.10) 0.17 (0.09,0.26)** 0.09 (0.01,0.17)* 0.08 (-0.01,0.17)*
Paternal model
  n = 797 n = 687 n = 656 n = 656 n = 700 n = 693 n = 693 n = 621 n = 597 n = 597
  Unadjusted model 0.12 (0.05,0.20)* -0.02 (-0.10,0.06) 0.06 (-0.01,0.14) 0.05 (-0.02,0.13) -0.01 (-0.09,0.06) 0.02 (-0.06,0.09) 0.10 (0.02,0.18)* 0.03 (-0.05,0.11) 0.08 (-0.01,0.16)
  Adjusted model 0.10 (0.03,0.17)* -0.02 (-0.10,0.05) 0.06 (-0.02,0.13) 0.04 (-0.04,0.12) -0.03 (-0.11,0.05) 0.03 (-0.05,0.11) 0.08 (0.01,0.16)* 0.02 (-0.06,0.10) 0.07 (-0.01,0.15)
Combined maternal and paternal model
  n = 797 n = 687 n = 656 n = 656 n = 700 n = 693 n = 693 n = 621 n = 597 n = 597
  Unadjusted model
    Maternal body mass index 0.02 (-0.06,0.09) 0 (-0.08,0.08) 0.03 (-0.05,0.11) 0.09 (0.01,0.16)* 0.04 (-0.04,0.11) 0.01 (-0.07,0.08) 0.18 (0.10,0.26)** 0.08 (0.01,0.16)* 0.07(-0.01,0.15)
    Paternal body mass index 0.12 (0.04,0.19)* -0.02 (-0.10,0.06) 0.06 (-0.02,0.14) 0.03 (-0.05,0.11) -0.02 (-0.10,0.06) 0.01 (-0.07,0.09) 0.06 (-0.02,0.13) 0.01 (-0.07,0.09) 0.06 (-0.02,0.14)
  Adjusted model‡
    Maternal body mass index 0.01 (-0.06,0.08) -0.02 (-0.11,0.06) 0.05 (-0.04,0.13) 0.09 (0.01,0.17)* 0.03 (-0.06,0.11) 0.02 (-0.06,0.11) 0.17 (0.09,0.26)** 0.09 (0.01,0.18)* 0.07 (-0.02,0.16)
    Paternal body mass index 0.10 (0.03,0.16)* -0.02 (-0.10,0.06) 0.05 (-0.03,0.13) 0.02 (-0.05,0.10) -0.04 (-0.12,0.05) 0.02 (-0.06,0.10) 0.05 (-0.03,0.13) 0 (-0.08,0.09) 0.06 (-0.02,0.14)
1

Values are regression coefficients (95% confidence interval) from linear regression models that reflect differences in subcutaneous fat mass measures in standard-deviation scores at 1.5, 6 and 24 months per standard-deviation scores change in maternal and paternal pre-pregnancy body mass index. Total subcutaneous fat mass = biceps + triceps + suprailiacal + subscapular skinfold thicknesses. Central-to-total subcutaneous fat mass ratio = (suprailiacal + subscapular skinfold thicknesses)/total subcutaneous fat mass.

§

Maternal model includes maternal age and educational level, parity, maternal total energy intake, smoking habits and weight gain until 30 weeks of gestation, gestational diabetes, gestational hypertensive disorders, child’s sex and gestational age-adjusted birthweight standard-deviation scores, cesarean delivery, breast feeding duration and timing of introduction of solid foods (for 6 and 24 months outcomes).

Paternal model includes the same potential confounders as maternal model but paternal age and educational level instead of maternal age and educational level.

‡

Combined maternal and paternal model includes all potential confounders.

*

P-value<0.05; **P-value<0.01.