Table 1.
Selected characteristics of participant pregnant women (n = 3268), post-partum interview, July–December 2014, Managua Province, Nicaragua.
| All | Vaccinated | Unvaccinated | p-value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 3268 | n = 1789 | n = 1479 | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Age | ||||
| <18 years | 415 (13) | 232 (13) | 183 (12) | 0.80 |
| 18–34 years | 2620 (80) | 1433 (80) | 1187 (80) | |
| ≥35 years | 233 (7) | 124 (7) | 109 (7) | |
| Number of persons in household | ||||
| 2–4 | 898 (27) | 528 (30) | 370 (25) | 0.02 |
| 5–6 | 1070 (33) | 580 (32) | 490 (33) | |
| 7–8 | 707 (22) | 381 (21) | 326 (22) | |
| >8 | 593 (18) | 300 (17) | 293 (20) | |
| Delivered at reference*obstetric hospital | 1722 (53) | 1083 (61) | 639 (43) | <0.01 |
| Education level | ||||
| No education/primary school incomplete | 421 (13) | 231 (13) | 190 (13) | 0.01 |
| Primary school complete | 337 (10) | 195 (11) | 142 (10) | |
| Secondary school incomplete | 1372 (42) | 771 (43) | 601 (41) | |
| Secondary school complete | 637 (19) | 353 (20) | 284 (19) | |
| Technical/university studies | 501 (15) | 239 (13) | 262 (18) | |
| Received at least one dose of tetanus vaccine | 2984 (91) | 1759 (98) | 1225 (83) | <0.01 |
| At least one antenatal visits | 3172 (97) | 1786 (100) | 1386 (94) | <0.01 |
| Four or more antenatal visits | 2549 (78) | 1542 (86) | 1007 (68) | <0.01 |
| Gestational age at first antenatal visit (median, quantiles in weeks) | 12 (9, 19) | 12 (9, 17) | 13 (9, 22) | <0.01‡ |
| Consumption of iron and folic acid | 1485 (45) | 805 (45) | 680 (46) | 0.59 |
| Consumption of albendazol | 703 (22) | 482 (27) | 221 (15) | <0.01 |
| Consumption of calcium | 1243 (38) | 722 (40) | 521 (35) | <0.01 |
| Consumption of aspirin | 938 (29) | 600 (34) | 338 (23) | <0.01 |
| BMI (height and weight measured at 1st antenatal visit) | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 315 (10) | 116 (6) | 199 (13) | <0.01 |
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 1338 (41) | 808 (45) | 530 (36) | |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 928 (28) | 510 (29) | 418 (28) | |
| Obesity I (30–34.9) | 408 (12) | 224 (13) | 184 (12) | |
| Obesity II (35–39.9) | 163 (5) | 87 (5) | 76 (5) | |
| Extreme obesity (>40) | 88 (3) | 41 (2) | 47 (3) | |
| Alcohol consumption before pregnancy | 441 (13) | 220 (12) | 221 (15) | 0.05 |
| Renal Disease | 1266 (39) | 734 (41) | 532 (36) | <0.01 |
| Blood Disease | 743 (23) | 445 (25) | 298 (20) | <0.01 |
| At least one chronic condition** | 1855 (57) | 1069 (60) | 786 (53) | <0.01 |
| Number of parturitions | ||||
| 1 | 1519 (46) | 879 (49) | 640 (43) | <0.01 |
| 2–3 | 1447 (44) | 768 (43) | 679 (46) | |
| >3 | 302 (9) | 142 (8) | 160 (11) | |
| Female | 1585 (49) | 804 (45) | 781 (53) | <0.01 |
| Preterm birth | 175 (5) | 95 (5) | 80 (5) | 0.96 |
| Small for gestational age | 343 (10) | 198 (11) | 145 (10) | 0.26 |
| Low birth weight | 195 (6) | 99 (6) | 96 (6) | 0.28 |
†
X2 test.
‡
Wilcoxon test.
*
Reference obstetric hospital in Nicaragua: Hospital Bertha Calderon Roque.
**
At least one chronic condition of the following: obesity, diabetes, asthma, renal disease, liver disease, blood disease, neurologic disease.