Table 3.
Evaluation of the association of influenza vaccination and birth outcomes among pregnant women by trimester of vaccination (n = 3268) with multiple logistic regression (MLR) method, post-partum interview, July–December 2014, Managua, Nicaragua.
| Birth outcomes | Influenza vaccine 2014 season |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vaccinated in first trimester (n = 140) |
Vaccinated in second trimester (n = 1142) |
Vaccinated in third trimester (n = 581) |
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| aOR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | ||||
| Small for gestational age* (SGAi) | 1.13 | (0.66; 1.94) | 0.66 | 1.03 | (0.79; 1.34) | 0.82 | 0.92 | (0.65; 1.30) | 0.64 |
| Preterm birth** (PTB) | 1.43 | (0.86; 2.39) | 0.17 | 0.91 | (0.70; 1.17) | 0.45 | 0.86 | (0.62; 1.18) | 0.35 |
| Low birth weight (LBW)*** | 1.56 | (0.81; 3.02) | 0.19 | 0.88 | (0.61; 1.26) | 0.48 | 0.85 | (0.55; 1.32) | 0.47 |
aOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio.
Models adjusted for race, education level, iron and folic acid consumption during pregnancy, number of parturitions, body mass index (BMI) at first antenatal visit, number of antenatal visits and sex of the baby for mothers vaccinated in the first trimester; age, race, education level, iron and folic acid consumption during pregnancy, number of parturitions, body mass index (BMI) at first antenatal visit, number of antenatal visits, number of people in the household and sex of the baby for mothers vaccinated in the second trimester; number of parturitions, body mass index (BMI) at first antenatal visit, reporting at least one chronic condition (obesity, diabetes, asthma, renal disease, liver disease, blood disease, neurologic disease) and sex of the baby for mothers vaccinated in the third trimester.
Models adjusted for alcohol consumption before pregnancy, BMI at first antenatal visit, number of antenatal visits, albendazol consumption during pregnancy, hospitalization during pregnancy for any specific complication (preeclampsia, eclampsia, hemorrhage, sepsis, urinary infection, diabetes, severe acute respiratory infection), delivery hospital, sex of the baby, type of fuel used for cooking, reporting receiving at least one tetanus vaccine, number of parturitions, education level, age, reporting at least one episode of influenza-like illness during pregnancy (ILI), race and reporting at least one chronic condition for mothers vaccinated in the first trimester; alcohol consumption before pregnancy, BMI at first antenatal visit, influenza circulation, aspirin consumption during pregnancy, hospitalization during pregnancy for any specific complication (preeclampsia, eclampsia, hemorrhage, sepsis, urinary infection, diabetes, severe acute respiratory infection), delivery hospital, and, number of antenatal visits for mothers vaccinated in the second trimester; alcohol consumption before pregnancy, BMI at first antenatal visit, number of antenatal visits, albendazol consumption during pregnancy, hospitalization during pregnancy for any specific complication (preeclampsia, eclampsia, hemorrhage, sepsis, urinary infection, diabetes, severe acute respiratory infection), delivery hospital, sex of the baby, race and reporting at least one chronic condition for mothers vaccinated in the third trimester.
Models adjusted for alcohol consumption before pregnancy, BMI at first antenatal visit, number of antenatal visits, hospitalization during pregnancy for any specific complication (preeclampsia, eclampsia, hemorrhage, sepsis, urinary infection, diabetes, severe acute respiratory infection), delivery hospital, sex of the baby, and ILI for mothers vaccinated in the first trimester; education level, alcohol consumption before pregnancy, BMI at first antenatal visit, number of antenatal visits, hospitalization during pregnancy for any specific complication (preeclampsia, eclampsia, hemorrhage, sepsis, urinary infection, diabetes, severe acute respiratory infection), delivery hospital, sex of the baby, number of parturitions, and ILI for mothers vaccinated in the second trimester; alcohol consumption before pregnancy, BMI at first antenatal visit, number of antenatal visits, hospitalization during pregnancy for any specific complication (preeclampsia, eclampsia, hemorrhage, sepsis, urinary infection, diabetes, severe acute respiratory infection), and sex of the baby for mothers vaccinated in the third trimester.