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Macrophages can be polarized into different subsets with distinct functional attributes. M1 cells are induced by TLR ligands and Th1 cytokines, and exhibit potent pro-inflammatory features; M2 cells develop in the presence of IL-4 and IL-13 (Th2 cytokines), and express regenerative and pro-fibrotic activities. Some M2 cells can be immunosuppressive
