Table 3. Studies examining the effect of procedural characteristics on the incidence of RAO.
| Trials | Strategies evaluated | Time of RAO evaluation after TRA | Results | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trials evaluating different type and size of sheaths and sheathless catheters | ||||
| Uhleman et al. (44) | 5 vs. 6 Fr sheath | Discharge | 13.7% vs. 30.5% | <0.001 |
| Takeshita et al. (56) | 4 vs. 6 Fr sheath | 24 h | 0% vs. 4% | 0.08 |
| Dahm et al. (55) | 5 vs. 6 Fr sheath | 1 month | 1.1% vs. 5.9% | 0.05 |
| Kinoshita et al. (76) | 6.5 Fr sheatless guides vs. 6 Fr guides | 3 months for 6.5 Fr sheathless and 1 month for 6 Fr | 0% vs. 5% | ND |
| Ang et al. (77) | 6.5 Fr hydrophilic-coated sheathless guiding catheter vs. 5 Fr catheter | Discharge | 0.1% vs. 0.7% | 0.227 |
| Wu et al. (78) | 8 vs. 6 Fr sheath | 1 year | 11% vs. 19% | ND |
| Yoshimachi et al. (60) | Use of 5 Fr glidesheath slender | After removal of hemostasis device | 0% | ND |
| Levin et al. (50) | 7 Fr sheath | 507±317 days | 19% | ND |
| Mamas et al. (58) | 6.5 Fr sheathless guide catheter | 2 months | 2% | ND |
| Nakamura et al. (79) | 6.5 Fr sheathless guide catheter | 6–9 months | 0.67% | ND |
| Ruhnau et al. (47) | 6 Fr sheath | 4–68 weeks | 3.6% | ND |
| Kwan et al. (80) | 7 Fr sheathless guiding catheter | 7 days and at 1 month | 5% and 2.5% | ND |
| Tonomura et al. (81) | 3 Fr sheathless guiding catheter | 2–3 days | 0% | ND |
| Trials evaluating different anticoagulation regiments on RAO | ||||
| Spaulding et al. (61) | 0 vs. 2,000–3,000 IU vs. 5,000 IU heparin | Post-procedure | 71% vs. 24% vs. 4.3% | <0.05 |
| Bernat et al. (62) | 2,000 vs. 5,000 IU heparin | 3–4 h | 5.9% vs. 2.9% | 0.17 |
| Plante et al. (49) | Heparin vs. bivalirudin | 4–8 weeks | 7.0% vs. 3.5% | 0.18 |
| Hahalis et al. (66) | 2,500 vs. 5,000 IU heparin | 1–3 days | 15.9% vs. 14.0% | 0.7 |
| Pancholy et al. (67) | Warfarin vs. heparin | 24 h and 1 month | 18.6% vs. 9.6%; 13.9% vs. 5.2% |
0.024; 0.01 |
| Wong et al. (82) | Enoxaparin vs. heparin | 6 weeks | 3.8% vs. 3.7% | 0.954 |
| Aykan et al. (45) | 2,500 vs. 5,000 IU heparin | 1 month | 5.5% vs. 1.2% | 0.01 |
| Pancholy et al. (83) | A priori vs. provisional heparin | 24 hours and 1 month | 7.5% vs. 7.0%; 4.5% vs. 5.0% |
0.84; 0.83 |
| Schiano et al. (84) | 5,000 IU vs. weigh-adjusted heparin (50 IU/kg) | Within 24 hours | 0% vs. 0% | 1.0 |
| Pancholy et al. (63) | Intra-arterial vs. intravenous heparin | 24 hours and 1 month | 6% vs. 5.6%; 4% vs. 3.2% |
>0.8; >0.6 |
| Trials evaluating different sheath’s insertion technique | ||||
| Pancholy et al. (85) | Seldinger vs. modified seldinger technique | 1 month | 4.3% vs. 3.9% | >0.05 |
| Shantha et al. (86) | Introducer vs. without introducer sheath | Pre-discharge, 24 hours and 1 month | Propensity-matched OR: 0.20 (0.13–0.32); propensity-matched OR: 0.13 (0.07–0.25); propensity-matched OR: 0.18 (0.10–0.40) |
<0.001; <0.001; <0.001 |
| Trials evaluating different vasodilators regimens | ||||
| Dharma et al. (73) | 500 ìg nitroglycerin vs. placebo postprocedure | 24 hours | 8.3% vs. 11.7% | 0.006 |
| Ruiz-Salmerón et al. (70) | 2.5 mg verapamil vs. 2.5 mg phentolamine after sheath insertion | 20±18 days | 3.0% vs. 3.2% | ND |
| Beyer et al. (87) | 30 mg nitroglycerin ointment and 40 mg lidocaine cream vs. placebo prior to TRA | 24 hours | 0/43 vs. 1/40 | ND |
ND, not definable; RAO, radial artery occlusion.