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. 2017 May 22;7:2232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01513-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Big brown bat TNFα promoter is functionally different than its human counterpart. We transfected both human and bat TNFα promoters individually in human and bat cells and quantified their activity after poly(I:C) treatment by measuring the expression of a downstream surrogate gene, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). Human TNFα promoter showed increased activity after poly(I:C) treatment (as measured by CAT activity) in both Efk3 (P = 0.021) and MRC5 (P = 0.020) cells. In contrast, big brown bat TNFα promoter showed decreased activity after poly(I:C) treatment in both Efk3 (P = 0.021) and MRC5 (P = 0.020) cells (mean ± SD, n = 4). Results are expressed as fold increases over mock-treated cells normalized to β-galactosidase. Statistical significance was calculated using two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test for two independent samples. *P < 0.05.