Table 1.
Human and mouse antimicrobial peptides and proteins produced in intestinal epithelium
| Human | Mouse | Epithelial-Producing Cells | Expression Regulation | Biological Activities | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hBD1 | mBD1 | Enterocytes in SI and colon | Constitutive | Antimicrobial (gram-positive bacteria, fungi), chemotactic | 189 |
| hBD2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | mBD2, 3, 4, 5 | Enterocytes in SI | Upregulated by infection and inflammation | Antimicrobial (gram-positive and negative bacteria, fungi), chemotactic | 283 |
| HD5, HD6 | Cryptidins | Paneth cells in SI | Constitutive | Antimicrobial (HBD5: gram-positive and negative bacteria, fungi), entrapment (HBD6) | 283 |
| Cathelicidin (LL37) | CRAMP | Enterocytes in colon | Upregulated by butyrate | Antimicrobial (gram-positive and negative bacteria, fungi), chemotactic | 54, 283 |
| Lysozyme C | Lysozyme C | Paneth cells and enterocytes in SI | Constitutive | Antimicrobial (gram-positive bacteria) | 126, 184, 206 |
| BPI | BPI | Enterocytes | Constitutive, upregulated by anti-inflammatory eicosanoids | Antimicrobial (gram-negative bacteria), LPS binding | 35, 37, 38, 54 |
| sPLA2 | Paneth cells | Constitutive | Antimicrobial (gram-positive bacteria), eicosanoide metabolism | 54, 184 | |
| HIP/PAP (Reg3α) | Reg3β | Paneth cells and enterocytes mainly in SI | Upregulated by infection and inflammation | Antimicrobial (gram-negative bacteria), bacterial entrapment | 179, 262 |
| Reg3γ | Paneth cells and enterocytes mainly in SI | Upregulated by infection and inflammation | Antimicrobial (gram-positive bacteria), bacterial entrapment | 40, 160 | |
| ANG4 | Paneth cells | Upregulated by commensals and pathogens | Antimicrobial (gram-positive and negative bacteria, nematodes), angiogenesis | 104 | |
| Elafin | Elafin | γδT cells, goblet cells | Upregulated by LPS, inflammation, and defensins | Anti-proteases, antimicrobial (Gram positive and negative bacteria, protozoa, viruses) | 73, 223 |
ANG4, angiogenin 4; BPI, bacterial permeability increasing protein; hBD, human β-defensin; HD, human α-defensin; HIP/PAP, hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatic associated protein; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; Reg3, regenerating gene family protein 3 (islet-derived); SI, small intestine; sPLA2, secretory group IIA phospholipase.