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. 2017 May 15;8:15230. doi: 10.1038/ncomms15230

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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(a) Pairing odour with TrpA1 activation of DDC dopaminergic neurons during memory acquisition resulted in significant learning, STM and LTM. Each value represents mean±s.e.m. (N=6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 6, 6, and 6 from left to right bars). *P<0.05; analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test. (b) Pairing odour with TrpA1 activation of R48B04 dopaminergic neurons during memory acquisition resulted in significant learning and STM, but not LTM. Each value represents mean±s.e.m. (N=6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 6, 8 and 8 from left to right bars). *P<0.05; ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. (c) Pairing odour with TrpA1 activation of VT8167 dopaminergic neurons during memory acquisition resulted in significant LTM, but not learning or STM. For the water-sated group control, water-deprived flies were allowed to drink water for 30 min before heat and odour conditioning. Each value represents mean±s.e.m. (N=8 for each bar). *P<0.05; ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. (d) Retention of induced memory in thirsty DDC-GAL4/UAS-TrpA1, VT8167-GAL4/UAS-TrpA1, and R48B04-GAL4/UAS-TrpA1 flies. Each value represents mean±s.e.m. (N=8, 8, 9 and 8 from left to right points in DDC/TrpA1 group; N=8, 7, 10, and 8 from left to right points in VT8167/TrpA1 group; N=8 for each point in R48B04/TrpA1 group). (e) Flies with mutations in the DopR1 (dumb²) show impaired LTM. Genetically restoring DopR1 expression in α′β′ neurons rescued LTM in dumb² flies to the level of wild-type (WT) flies. Each value represents mean±s.e.m. (N=12, 8, 7, 7, and 6 from left to right bars). *P<0.05; ANOVA followed by Tukey's test.