Table 1.
Participant demographic and clinical information.
| Control (n = 74) | FASD (n = 70) | Group difference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 13.2 ± 6.0 (5–32) | 14.2 ± 6.3 (5–32) | t = 1.04; p = 0.300 |
| Males (%) | 40 (57%) | 38 (51%) | X2 = 0.49; p = 0.486 |
| Demographic information | n = 72 | n = 44 | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Caucasian | 58 (81%) | 18 (41%) | X2 = 19.00; p < 0.001 |
| Aboriginal | 4 (6%) | 21 (48%) | X2 = 28.73; p < 0.001 |
| Other | 10 (14%) | 5 (11%) | X2 = 0.15; p = 0.694 |
| Living situation | |||
| Biological parent(s) | 62 (86%) | 5 (11%) | X2 = 62.54; p < 0.001 |
| Adopted/biological relative | 1 (1%) | 21 (48%) | X2 = 38.16; p < 0.001 |
| Foster care | 0 (0%) | 12 (27%) | X2 = 21.90; p < 0.001 |
| Group home | 0 (0%) | 2 (5%) | X2 = 3.33; p = 0.068 |
| Independent | 9 (13%) | 4 (9%) | X2 = 0.319; p = 0.572 |
| Foster care placements per person (mean, range) | 0 (0–0) | 1.5 (0–5) | t = 8.36; p < 0.001 |
| Annual household income (median) | $76,000–100,000 | $51,000–75,000 | X2 = 17.28; p = 0.016 |
| Basic needs not met at any timea | 1 (1%) | 24 (55%) | X2 = 62.25; p < 0.001 |
| Psychiatric co-morbiditiesa | |||
| ADHD | 0 (0%) | 38 (87%) | X2 = 81.40; p < 0.001 |
| Reactive attachment disorder | 0 (0%) | 10 (23%) | X2 = 16.36; p < 0.001 |
| Anxiety | 3 (4%)b | 13 (30%) | X2 = 16.43; p = 0.001 |
| Other | 0 (0%) | 19 (43%) | X2 = 33.86; p < 0.001 |
| Psychiatric medicationsa | |||
| Atypical antipsychotics | 0 (0%) | 24 (55%) | X2 = 50.79; p < 0.001 |
| Stimulants | 0 (0%) | 20 (45%) | X2 = 40.54; p < 0.001 |
| Antidepressants | 0 (0%) | 11 (25%) | X2 = 20.37; p < 0.001 |
| Other | 0 (0%) | 9 (20%) | X2 = 16.35; p < 0.001 |
| Number of psychiatric medications per person (mean, range) | 0 (0–0) | 1.7 (0–4) | t = 11.27; p < 0.001 |
a
Self/parent reported.
b
Self or parent reported anxiety for which medical attention/counselling was sought. None were taking anxiolytic medication or had a formal diagnosis.