Table 3.
Potential total and government health spending for low-income and middle-income countries in 2040
|
Total health spending per capita in 2040 ($) |
Government health spending per capita in 2040 ($) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Expected | Potential | Expected | Potential government spending based on increasing all-sector government revenue | Potential government spending based on health sector prioritisation | Potential government spending based on increasing all-sector government revenue and health sector prioritisation | |
| Income level | ||||||
| Upper-middle income | 3903 (2770–5741) | 4638 (3130–6180) | 2812 (1755–4635) | 3643 (2055–7195) | 5955 (4483–7746) | 7406 (5043–10 275) |
| Lower-middle income | 844 (739–1004) | 1525 (1108–1942) | 387 (289–545) | 826 (440–1328) | 913 (779–1061) | 1837 (1131–2539) |
| Low income | 195 (157–258) | 321 (255–394) | 57 (45–76) | 121 (69–198) | 161 (132–194) | 285 (183–385) |
| Region | ||||||
| Central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia | 2417 (2252–2637) | 2511 (2121–2999) | 1511 (1377–1671) | 1798 (1301–2389) | 2370 (1874–2866) | 3399 (2464–4373) |
| Latin America and Caribbean | 2047 (1720–2494) | 2297 (1964–2699) | 1226 (915–1661) | 1661 (1220–2224) | 2298 (1760–2894) | 2933 (2170–3695) |
| North Africa and Middle East | 1630 (1431–1975) | 1837 (1470–2153) | 1045 (856–1387) | 1261 (839–1821) | 1753 (1495–2075) | 2512 (1864–3192) |
| South Asia | 935 (773–1203) | 1599 (973–2244) | 413 (260–673) | 812 (317–1693) | 1021 (829–1248) | 1916 (1048–2985) |
| Southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania | 4035 (2640–6314) | 5080 (3064–7000) | 2997 (1711–5223) | 3980 (2023–8524) | 6382 (4542–8659) | 8255 (5310–11 921) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 307 (269–365) | 557 (435–656) | 119 (102–142) | 272 (151–444) | 271 (222–335) | 556 (356–737) |
| Country | ||||||
| Afghanistan | 249 (179–388) | 272 (249–405) | 49 (25–142) | 58 (49–184) | 213 (170–262) | 237 (175–351) |
| Albania | 1733 (1404–2144) | 2292 (1733–3129) | 1013 (732–1406) | 1684 (1013–3152) | 1809 (1280–2434) | 2913 (1624–4449) |
| Algeria | 2080 (1439–3337) | 2114 (2080–3316) | 1696 (1061–2954) | 1752 (1696–3065) | 2951 (1696–4187) | 3005 (1858–4189) |
| Andorra | 308 (154–414) | 1190 (595–1893) | 198 (56–291) | 506 (198–1670) | 745 (198–1822) | 1379 (558–2439) |
| Argentina | 3012 (2202–4807) | 4020 (3012–6243) | 1999 (1274–3799) | 2144 (1999–4787) | 6906 (4356–9293) | 7202 (4808–10088) |
| Armenia | 997 (727–1578) | 1718 (1128–2367) | 539 (337–1106) | 981 (539–2283) | 1203 (661–1926) | 2057 (1177–3137) |
| Azerbaijan | 2502 (2033–3062) | 3308 (2502–4978) | 671 (424–1141) | 1433 (671–3408) | 2263 (1357–3466) | 4505 (2338–7650) |
| Bangladesh | 266 (206–327) | 919 (531–1330) | 81 (53–128) | 365 (122–780) | 224 (160–308) | 965 (429–1569) |
| Belarus | 2369 (1648–3243) | 2802 (2369–3845) | 1634 (952–2496) | 5473 (2214–10 802) | 1649 (1634–2507) | 5496 (2390–10 802) |
| Belize | 844 (703–1017) | 1212 (844–1645) | 578 (443–747) | 834 (578–1391) | 965 (711–1264) | 1361 (862–2049) |
| Benin | 232 (161–357) | 352 (232–477) | 133 (75–250) | 167 (133–349) | 276 (163–448) | 326 (195–476) |
| Bhutan | 940 (517–1558) | 2379 (1364–3313) | 728 (320–1349) | 1420 (728–3316) | 1826 (810–3360) | 3078 (1541–4702) |
| Bolivia | 943 (736–1252) | 1126 (943–1596) | 734 (533–1038) | 962 (734–1836) | 983 (734–1360) | 1266 (773–1961) |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2613 (1921–3416) | 2613 (2613–3376) | 2069 (1407–2847) | 2362 (2069–4442) | 2467 (2069–3005) | 2782 (2069–4525) |
| Botswana | 1878 (1452–2524) | 2420 (1878–3756) | 1152 (777–1780) | 1677 (1152–3860) | 2253 (1513–3184) | 3145 (1923–5459) |
| Brazil | 2770 (2150–3708) | 2771 (2770–3774) | 1572 (994–2509) | 1644 (1572–2850) | 3551 (2066–5144) | 3660 (2306–5211) |
| Bulgaria | 3870 (2896–5754) | 3895 (3870–5805) | 2412 (1516–4264) | 2789 (2412–5934) | 4102 (2762–5681) | 4577 (3144–6558) |
| Burkina Faso | 128 (101–168) | 281 (178–393) | 52 (37–62) | 100 (52–189) | 125 (70–202) | 232 (121–367) |
| Burundi | 104 (65–176) | 127 (104–188) | 36 (19–56) | 53 (36–109) | 64 (36–101) | 90 (51–147) |
| Cambodia | 642 (543–760) | 1026 (642–1458) | 162 (86–250) | 367 (162–773) | 522 (297–806) | 1100 (551–1695) |
| Cameroon | 190 (150–238) | 469 (328–609) | 48 (30–82) | 98 (48–193) | 218 (140–309) | 428 (237–609) |
| Cape Verde | 768 (523–1124) | 1421 (902–1991) | 532 (294–874) | 1046 (532–2177) | 895 (532–1461) | 1642 (879–2554) |
| Central African Republic | 58 (25–145) | 64 (58–151) | 5 (2–6) | 21 (6–56) | 9 (5–17) | 34 (16–82) |
| Chad | 138 (75–212) | 358 (218–548) | 74 (16–142) | 183 (74–535) | 155 (74–329) | 321 (150–618) |
| China | 5703 (3571–9218) | 6658 (5703–9661) | 4326 (2357–7776) | 5429 (4326–12550) | 9191 (6338–12763) | 11233 (6662–16 657) |
| Colombia | 2398 (1616–3727) | 2555 (2398–3708) | 1888 (1107–3215) | 2573 (1888–5485) | 2512 (1888–3379) | 3316 (2108–5490) |
| Comoros | 132 (96–184) | 160 (132–214) | 35 (19–65) | 53 (35–121) | 79 (45–126) | 118 (67–176) |
| Congo (Brazzaville) | 544 (394–736) | 768 (544–1097) | 461 (316–651) | 658 (461–1397) | 655 (461–1114) | 871 (461–1433) |
| Costa Rica | 3050 (2207–4077) | 3087 (3050–4049) | 2261 (1437–3273) | 3393 (2261–6331) | 2651 (2261–3468) | 3885 (2338–6331) |
| Côte d'Ivoire | 292 (246–352) | 542 (367–736) | 90 (63–132) | 227 (100–449) | 210 (130–316) | 509 (274–773) |
| Cuba | 3097 (2091–4454) | 3113 (3097–4468) | 2961 (1955–4323) | 3063 (2961–4822) | 3371 (2961–4284) | 3470 (2961–4822) |
| DR Congo | 83 (56–123) | 176 (90–276) | 28 (16–53) | 42 (28–108) | 106 (43–202) | 141 (70–235) |
| Djibouti | 842 (598–1324) | 846 (842–1324) | 579 (358–1057) | 586 (579–1062) | 811 (579–1119) | 817 (579–1119) |
| Dominica | 1092 (874–1406) | 1533 (1092–2056) | 802 (605–1106) | 928 (802–1604) | 1733 (1122–2473) | 1945 (1283–2729) |
| Dominican Republic | 1833 (1316–2498) | 3071 (1877–4419) | 1367 (861–2019) | 3766 (1367–8015) | 1651 (1367–2471) | 4354 (2049–8015) |
| Ecuador | 1935 (1534–2410) | 1937 (1935–2403) | 1035 (697–1466) | 1416 (1035–2645) | 1488 (1035–2078) | 1966 (1231–2987) |
| Egypt | 1212 (1070–1453) | 1966 (1270–2607) | 481 (384–708) | 930 (481–1697) | 1291 (821–1866) | 2408 (1353–3493) |
| El Salvador | 1520 (1089–2337) | 1673 (1520–2292) | 1136 (743–1953) | 1136 (1136–1868) | 3541 (2905–4166) | 3541 (2905–4166) |
| Equatorial Guinea | 1746 (1302–2291) | 3905 (2057–7064) | 1350 (927–1872) | 2232 (1350–5465) | 3964 (1545–7506) | 5826 (2727–10 675) |
| Eritrea | 84 (56–129) | 190 (126–264) | 22 (11–36) | 30 (22–68) | 121 (60–195) | 152 (88–230) |
| Ethiopia | 212 (153–311) | 476 (241–843) | 81 (59–113) | 281 (85–691) | 141 (81–262) | 446 (164–913) |
| Federated States of Micronesia | 767 (302–1703) | 772 (767–1643) | 53 (27–86) | 58 (53–114) | 404 (291–537) | 431 (299–593) |
| Fiji | 705 (630–804) | 1399 (947–1901) | 452 (401–525) | 729 (452–1189) | 1015 (712–1416) | 1604 (965–2369) |
| Gabon | 1336 (966–1900) | 2075 (1344–2884) | 1088 (723–1643) | 1466 (1088–2956) | 2099 (1220–3269) | 2689 (1640–4001) |
| Georgia | 1608 (1268–1972) | 1694 (1608–2263) | 380 (243–657) | 718 (380–1709) | 1069 (645–1673) | 1893 (1042–2993) |
| Ghana | 288 (214–381) | 765 (451–1107) | 178 (110–264) | 330 (178–746) | 465 (217–794) | 783 (401–1279) |
| Grenada | 1412 (1157–1755) | 1928 (1412–2806) | 729 (550–1051) | 928 (729–1805) | 1970 (1273–2837) | 2447 (1548–3823) |
| Guatemala | 715 (622–808) | 1089 (734–1424) | 275 (205–354) | 747 (338–1306) | 444 (323–607) | 1182 (648–1702) |
| Guinea | 165 (114–243) | 214 (165–283) | 66 (33–115) | 101 (66–210) | 119 (66–203) | 170 (97–259) |
| Guinea-Bissau | 115 (74–194) | 221 (140–318) | 3 (2–8) | 18 (5–54) | 42 (14–95) | 173 (84–284) |
| Guyana | 903 (733–1142) | 1381 (931–1828) | 523 (380–741) | 877 (523–1625) | 983 (598–1449) | 1583 (925–2314) |
| Haiti | 250 (178–385) | 294 (250–410) | 3 (1–7) | 4 (3–14) | 156 (120–199) | 241 (141–362) |
| Honduras | 716 (625–887) | 800 (716–1074) | 366 (302–529) | 587 (366–1122) | 516 (370–692) | 805 (475–1243) |
| India | 1138 (927–1488) | 1822 (1138–2666) | 505 (307–848) | 959 (505–2112) | 1234 (994–1518) | 2226 (1135–3615) |
| Indonesia | 793 (640–986) | 2524 (1483–3592) | 382 (252–565) | 1216 (433–2529) | 1078 (739–1491) | 3259 (1561–5182) |
| Iran | 2051 (1489–2709) | 2341 (2051–3318) | 980 (498–1554) | 3011 (980–6876) | 1125 (980–1669) | 3319 (1516–6876) |
| Iraq | 1230 (860–1897) | 1740 (1230–2654) | 783 (424–1444) | 862 (783–1751) | 2413 (1047–4132) | 2598 (1409–4143) |
| Jamaica | 1000 (748–1399) | 1217 (1000–1759) | 634 (386–1034) | 813 (634–1713) | 1130 (701–1617) | 1416 (879–2165) |
| Jordan | 1335 (1144–1565) | 1632 (1335–2450) | 901 (740–1118) | 1426 (901–2576) | 1266 (901–1893) | 1930 (1152–3286) |
| Kazakhstan | 2047 (1787–2500) | 3972 (2466–5564) | 1138 (896–1587) | 3326 (1508–6221) | 2010 (1296–2945) | 5627 (2938–8574) |
| Kenya | 286 (209–423) | 490 (329–636) | 112 (83–213) | 195 (112–404) | 266 (184–387) | 452 (258–657) |
| Kyrgyzstan | 384 (302–492) | 514 (384–738) | 202 (143–291) | 409 (202–887) | 262 (202–422) | 502 (242–900) |
| Laos | 285 (178–419) | 1793 (908–2675) | 127 (65–230) | 267 (127–672) | 1111 (705–1617) | 2159 (1022–3587) |
| Lebanon | 1895 (1458–2499) | 2559 (1895–4858) | 968 (603–1549) | 2481 (968–6948) | 1467 (968–2684) | 3426 (1476–8244) |
| Lesotho | 726 (464–1010) | 729 (726–1003) | 516 (294–757) | 523 (516–773) | 755 (523–987) | 760 (527–987) |
| Liberia | 276 (224–373) | 277 (276–377) | 5 (1–18) | 8 (5–32) | 81 (29–150) | 112 (55–185) |
| Libya | 979 (590–1637) | 1142 (979–2158) | 811 (441–1470) | 868 (811–1962) | 1875 (1256–2453) | 1976 (1260–2949) |
| Macedonia | 1742 (1549–1931) | 2234 (1742–3016) | 1080 (954–1211) | 1895 (1080–2951) | 1630 (1161–2328) | 2803 (1652–4112) |
| Madagascar | 73 (56–106) | 193 (121–285) | 28 (24–33) | 144 (60–291) | 32 (28–49) | 160 (72–295) |
| Malawi | 219 (160–320) | 223 (219–327) | 100 (77–135) | 136 (100–260) | 119 (100–181) | 157 (100–262) |
| Malaysia | 2528 (2099–3249) | 5014 (3226–6840) | 1428 (1126–2117) | 2281 (1428–4204) | 4856 (3393–6525) | 7506 (4449–11 002) |
| Maldives | 6070 (3725–9978) | 6095 (6070–9722) | 4823 (2464–8764) | 4996 (4823–9589) | 6896 (4823–9314) | 7072 (4823–9811) |
| Mali | 300 (231–402) | 409 (300–554) | 112 (67–191) | 154 (112–321) | 287 (167–426) | 376 (203–560) |
| Marshall Islands | 785 (448–1130) | 788 (785–1111) | 502 (228–729) | 1293 (502–2853) | 504 (502–729) | 1294 (502–2853) |
| Mauritania | 258 (193–366) | 602 (378–820) | 140 (89–244) | 175 (140–376) | 516 (271–801) | 621 (360–885) |
| Mauritius | 3459 (2435–5042) | 4438 (3459–6149) | 2308 (1365–3890) | 4450 (2308–9867) | 3498 (2714–4538) | 6485 (3433–10 491) |
| Mexico | 1726 (1403–2084) | 2178 (1726–2889) | 962 (672–1253) | 1526 (962–2585) | 1752 (1467–2084) | 2714 (1695–3940) |
| Moldova | 910 (755–1122) | 928 (910–1220) | 429 (332–579) | 655 (429–1222) | 596 (429–887) | 881 (515–1432) |
| Mongolia | 1685 (1177–2462) | 2982 (1685–4412) | 981 (566–1731) | 1565 (981–3579) | 2841 (1304–4932) | 4136 (2112–6479) |
| Montenegro | 2189 (1734–3138) | 2394 (2189–3258) | 1376 (942–2314) | 1823 (1376–3803) | 2348 (1879–2842) | 3043 (2118–4445) |
| Morocco | 1056 (945–1160) | 1708 (1083–2472) | 322 (248–382) | 547 (322–968) | 1241 (862–1692) | 2050 (1140–3174) |
| Mozambique | 117 (59–222) | 267 (141–384) | 18 (7–43) | 20 (18–51) | 257 (135–392) | 274 (155–401) |
| Myanmar | 979 (476–2210) | 1987 (979–3099) | 752 (269–2005) | 1074 (752–3391) | 1995 (1266–2630) | 2597 (1400–4288) |
| Namibia | 1929 (1590–2499) | 1955 (1929–2563) | 1200 (913–1752) | 1308 (1200–2257) | 2234 (1565–2902) | 2392 (1635–3279) |
| Nepal | 321 (263–388) | 592 (383–840) | 119 (93–160) | 268 (120–517) | 267 (152–438) | 568 (295–914) |
| Nicaragua | 830 (618–1005) | 883 (830–1136) | 459 (265–600) | 1158 (495–2085) | 468 (459–611) | 1170 (532–2085) |
| Niger | 98 (73–139) | 159 (104–226) | 40 (23–75) | 40 (40–76) | 162 (117–210) | 163 (120–212) |
| Nigeria | 343 (268–449) | 877 (538–1202) | 86 (36–177) | 477 (113–1245) | 204 (86–469) | 921 (453–1441) |
| Pakistan | 296 (237–383) | 897 (579–1146) | 142 (95–227) | 330 (142–641) | 429 (241–698) | 934 (516–1324) |
| Panama | 4569 (3750–5565) | 4857 (4569–6570) | 3432 (2676–4386) | 5369 (3432–10 023) | 4471 (3432–6044) | 6806 (3664–10 906) |
| Papua New Guinea | 224 (167–304) | 465 (307–707) | 166 (120–235) | 236 (166–492) | 312 (210–421) | 432 (263–713) |
| Paraguay | 1916 (1460–2827) | 1916 (1916–2741) | 1067 (665–1979) | 1250 (1067–2870) | 1696 (1067–2358) | 1948 (1197–3121) |
| Peru | 1276 (1032–1692) | 2057 (1291–2807) | 848 (635–1253) | 2066 (880–3965) | 1079 (848–1416) | 2573 (1268–4033) |
| Philippines | 787 (661–920) | 1335 (866–1930) | 340 (226–454) | 979 (432–1864) | 540 (401–705) | 1514 (799–2396) |
| Romania | 3500 (2608–4864) | 3868 (3500–5144) | 3041 (2162–4400) | 4656 (3041–8158) | 3655 (3041–5076) | 5491 (3233–8320) |
| Russia | 2665 (2416–3206) | 3013 (2665–4031) | 1413 (1281–1635) | 1787 (1413–2841) | 3268 (2198–4350) | 4064 (2704–5923) |
| Rwanda | 278 (188–448) | 364 (278–545) | 4 (1–13) | 7 (4–25) | 219 (130–345) | 320 (177–518) |
| Saint Lucia | 1340 (1086–1782) | 1666 (1340–2423) | 798 (574–1237) | 821 (798–1404) | 2537 (1790–3379) | 2586 (1809–3419) |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 1506 (1106–2137) | 1568 (1506–2142) | 784 (442–1393) | 1038 (784–2218) | 1397 (888–2027) | 1805 (1133–2683) |
| Samoa | 555 (403–856) | 766 (555–1077) | 474 (333–775) | 616 (474–1243) | 656 (474–966) | 823 (495–1279) |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | 397 (262–608) | 474 (397–648) | 184 (113–281) | 328 (184–720) | 279 (184–516) | 456 (233–732) |
| Senegal | 182 (140–245) | 345 (227–456) | 85 (63–127) | 134 (85–255) | 194 (139–266) | 298 (169–446) |
| Serbia | 2319 (2113–2616) | 2320 (2319–2618) | 1434 (1287–1608) | 1542 (1434–2096) | 2416 (1998–2834) | 2587 (2120–3411) |
| Sierra Leone | 290 (227–423) | 291 (290–419) | 21 (12–34) | 62 (21–167) | 65 (26–134) | 165 (50–322) |
| Solomon Islands | 141 (82–230) | 291 (176–419) | 78 (41–131) | 81 (78–139) | 310 (208–426) | 317 (213–427) |
| Somalia | 42 (27–72) | 74 (43–107) | 10 (6–13) | 37 (11–69) | 13 (10–18) | 47 (19–80) |
| South Africa | 1815 (1555–2165) | 1821 (1815–2174) | 981 (751–1315) | 1289 (981–2192) | 1489 (1204–1794) | 1930 (1340–2737) |
| South Sudan | 145 (78–283) | 256 (182–336) | 41 (15–113) | 41 (41–114) | 291 (172–545) | 298 (179–545) |
| Sri Lanka | 1645 (1207–2289) | 3323 (1964–4684) | 1048 (617–1693) | 3100 (1056–6644) | 1664 (1048–2575) | 4574 (2237–7322) |
| Sudan | 594 (478–730) | 741 (594–1017) | 136 (81–198) | 653 (192–1409) | 179 (136–309) | 790 (353–1409) |
| Suriname | 1195 (856–1630) | 2430 (1635–3257) | 828 (500–1253) | 2099 (828–5089) | 1463 (828–2989) | 3231 (1788–5337) |
| Swaziland | 1467 (1062–2094) | 1467 (1467–2111) | 1036 (699–1614) | 1119 (1036–2006) | 1321 (1036–1815) | 1411 (1036–2056) |
| Syria | 926 (703–1274) | 2077 (1242–2971) | 492 (327–814) | 747 (492–1698) | 1852 (1060–2902) | 2639 (1434–4162) |
| Tajikistan | 398 (324–509) | 439 (398–594) | 160 (102–264) | 232 (160–482) | 283 (168–429) | 395 (223–603) |
| Tanzania | 308 (225–445) | 507 (308–714) | 106 (62–213) | 200 (106–462) | 271 (147–455) | 474 (237–743) |
| Thailand | 1689 (1315–2326) | 3086 (2004–4388) | 1392 (1023–2031) | 2080 (1392–4139) | 2910 (2187–3741) | 4190 (2608–6445) |
| The Gambia | 199 (134–326) | 212 (199–315) | 88 (68–118) | 156 (88–292) | 99 (88–152) | 171 (91–292) |
| Togo | 142 (113–187) | 252 (162–358) | 60 (38–99) | 91 (60–192) | 147 (72–244) | 208 (115–316) |
| Tonga | 553 (352–954) | 740 (553–1027) | 424 (244–814) | 474 (424–973) | 788 (424–1186) | 854 (528–1219) |
| Tunisia | 1390 (1195–1653) | 1713 (1390–2380) | 847 (672–1085) | 1427 (847–2530) | 1239 (960–1539) | 2034 (1223–3157) |
| Turkey | 2441 (2096–3065) | 3421 (2441–4850) | 1946 (1613–2570) | 2103 (1946–3513) | 4936 (3814–6212) | 5322 (3921–7459) |
| Turkmenistan | 1638 (1237–2191) | 4423 (2345–7144) | 1117 (730–1668) | 2674 (1117–6216) | 2927 (1491–4977) | 6439 (2886–11 326) |
| Uganda | 384 (307–489) | 392 (384–506) | 14 (5–31) | 41 (14–116) | 113 (68–169) | 309 (148–496) |
| Ukraine | 715 (557–899) | 910 (715–1376) | 343 (232–413) | 625 (343–1221) | 547 (354–814) | 954 (517–1642) |
| Uzbekistan | 1299 (931–1894) | 1448 (1299–2093) | 912 (564–1496) | 945 (912–1712) | 2017 (1191–2802) | 2091 (1303–2902) |
| Vanuatu | 283 (162–524) | 348 (283–546) | 197 (106–426) | 287 (197–749) | 236 (197–430) | 335 (197–749) |
| Venezuela | 1285 (1082–1528) | 1931 (1285–2976) | 463 (295–677) | 1000 (463–2250) | 1197 (626–1994) | 2376 (1162–4193) |
| Vietnam | 1545 (1121–2038) | 1794 (1545–2466) | 1040 (660–1509) | 2078 (1040–4032) | 1166 (1040–1599) | 2279 (1113–4032) |
| Yemen | 276 (197–400) | 404 (276–548) | 37 (10–85) | 85 (37–228) | 166 (107–239) | 357 (192–538) |
| Zambia | 345 (251–497) | 622 (377–820) | 153 (108–224) | 319 (153–618) | 309 (179–519) | 604 (316–877) |
Data in parentheses are uncertainty intervals. Data are 2015 purchasing power parity US$.