Table 3A.
Summary of parameter estimates for models with configural invariance across eight different percentages of contaminated data (Conditions 1–4).
| Configure invariance | M0–0 | M5–5 | M10–10 | M20–20 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | True value | Bias | 90% CI of estimates | Bias | 90% CI of estimates | Bias | 90% CI of estimates | Bias | 90% CI of estimates | ||||
| τ11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.07 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.39 |
| τ12 | 2.00 | 0.01 | 1.89 | 2.13 | 0.11 | 1.99 | 2.24 | 0.27 | 2.26 | 2.27 | 0.47 | 2.31 | 2.64 |
| τ13_US | 3.00 | 0.02 | 2.84 | 3.18 | 0.04 | 2.86 | 3.22 | 0.26 | 3.26 | 3.27 | 0.25 | 3.05 | 3.46 |
| τ21 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.32 |
| τ22_US | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.94 | 1.08 | 0.06 | 0.99 | 1.13 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.27 | 1.19 | 1.35 |
| τ23_US | 1.50 | 0.01 | 1.43 | 1.59 | 0.06 | 1.47 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 1.49 | 1.50 | 0.25 | 1.66 | 1.85 |
| τ31 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.36 |
| τ32_US | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.92 | 1.09 | 0.07 | 0.99 | 1.15 | 0.06 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 0.31 | 1.22 | 1.41 |
| τ33_US | 2.00 | 0.01 | 1.90 | 2.12 | 0.06 | 1.95 | 2.18 | −0.08 | 1.92 | 1.92 | 0.27 | 2.15 | 2.40 |
| τ41 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.31 |
| τ42_US | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.94 | 1.07 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 1.13 | 0.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 0.29 | 1.21 | 1.37 |
| τ43_US | 2.00 | 0.00 | 1.92 | 2.09 | 0.04 | 1.95 | 2.13 | −0.01 | 1.99 | 1.99 | 0.21 | 2.11 | 2.31 |
| λ2_US | 0.80 | 0.00 | 0.72 | 0.90 | −0.02 | 0.70 | 0.87 | −0.13 | 0.67 | 0.67 | −0.05 | 0.68 | 0.82 |
| λ3_US | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.89 | 1.13 | −0.03 | 0.87 | 1.08 | −0.22 | 0.78 | 0.78 | −0.10 | 0.81 | 0.99 |
| λ4_US | 0.70 | 0.00 | 0.63 | 0.78 | 0.00 | 0.64 | 0.78 | −0.08 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.01 | 0.65 | 0.78 |
| σ2(F)_US | 1.60 | 0.02 | 1.37 | 1.90 | 0.44 | 1.73 | 2.37 | 0.86 | 2.45 | 2.46 | 2.18 | 3.23 | 4.42 |
| τ13_HK | 3.00 | 0.02 | 2.82 | 3.22 | 0.14 | 2.94 | 3.36 | 0.38 | 3.29 | 3.48 | 0.59 | 3.34 | 3.87 |
| τ22_HK | 1.00 | −0.15 | 0.36 | 0.96 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 3.88 | 1.00 | 0.51 | 6.54 | 0.76 | 1.15 | 2.81 |
| τ23_HK | 1.50 | −0.22 | 0.55 | 1.44 | 0.58 | 0.62 | 5.81 | 1.57 | 0.77 | 9.97 | 1.15 | 1.69 | 4.32 |
| τ32_HK | 1.00 | −0.16 | 0.60 | 1.13 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 3.18 | 4.32 | 0.91 | 17.01 | 0.50 | 1.05 | 2.25 |
| τ33_HK | 2.00 | −0.32 | 1.16 | 2.21 | 0.25 | 0.71 | 6.22 | 8.42 | 1.69 | 33.49 | 0.70 | 1.85 | 4.13 |
| τ42_HK | 1.00 | −0.14 | 0.56 | 1.06 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 5.08 | 1.92 | 0.65 | 9.52 | 1.12 | 1.26 | 3.59 |
| τ43_HK | 2.00 | −0.28 | 1.12 | 2.10 | 0.98 | 1.04 | 10.22 | 3.72 | 1.23 | 18.72 | 1.90 | 2.29 | 6.73 |
| λ2_HK | 0.80 | −0.12 | 0.29 | 0.77 | 0.20 | 0.31 | 2.72 | 0.55 | 0.34 | 4.30 | 0.21 | 0.67 | 1.61 |
| λ3_HK | 1.00 | −0.17 | 0.57 | 1.11 | 0.02 | 0.33 | 2.75 | 3.35 | 0.74 | 14.04 | 0.00 | 0.71 | 1.48 |
| λ4_HK | 0.70 | −0.10 | 0.38 | 0.76 | 0.28 | 0.35 | 3.16 | 1.05 | 0.39 | 5.69 | 0.40 | 0.69 | 1.87 |
| σ2(v1)_HK | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.89 | 1.13 | −0.01 | 0.87 | 1.11 | 0.09 | 0.99 | 1.19 | −0.07 | 0.81 | 1.07 |
| σ2(v2)_HK | 1.00 | 0.58 | 0.14 | 0.89 | 6.36 | 0.13 | 12.26 | 6.74 | 0.17 | 32.13 | 0.73 | 0.55 | 4.38 |
| σ2(v3)_HK | 1.00 | 0.60 | 0.32 | 1.23 | 2.47 | 0.09 | 7.89 | 60.86 | 0.47 | 227.27 | 0.08 | 0.41 | 2.52 |
| σ2(v4)_HK | 1.00 | 0.20 | 0.32 | 1.11 | 6.80 | 0.21 | 24.34 | 20.67 | 0.28 | 74.26 | 1.76 | 0.73 | 7.67 |
| μ(F)_HK | 0.90 | 0.00 | 0.85 | 0.96 | 0.12 | 0.96 | 1.09 | 0.23 | 1.08 | 1.18 | 0.51 | 1.32 | 1.51 |
| σ2(F)_HK | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.87 | 1.17 | −0.02 | 0.82 | 1.14 | 0.06 | 0.95 | 1.17 | −0.07 | 0.76 | 1.12 |
The parameters not labeled with US or HK are constrained equal across the two groups.