Fig. (4).

ER stress in development of aneurysms. ER stress has been observed during vascular remodelling. Conversely, ER stress signalling contributes to mechanisms which promote aneurysm formation. To date, IRE1 and ATF6 pathways have not been reported to be involved in aneurysm formation in ASMCs. Abbreviations: AngII – angiotensyn 2, ATF4 – activating transcription factor 4, CHOP - DNA Damage Inducible Transcript 3 (DDIT3), EGFR – epidermal growth factor receptor, eIF2α – eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α, PERK - Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Alpha Kinase 3 (EIF2AK3).