Table 4.
Results for the bio-signal variables
| Variables | Assessment schedule | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| −5 min | 0 | +7 min | +14 min | +20 min | +27 min | |
| Baseline (Reference)a | Needle insertiona | During needle retentiona | Needle removala | Finala | ||
| Heart rate variability (HRV) | ||||||
| NN (s) | 0.89 (0.81, 0.96) |
0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) |
−0.01 (−0.03, 0.01) |
−0.01 (−0.04, 0.01) |
−0.02 (−0.04, 0.01) |
−0.02* (−0.05, −0.00) |
| SDNN (ms) | 60.89 (49.54, 72.24) |
2.97 (−5.84, 11.78) |
0.82 (−7.98, 9.63) |
3.22 (−5.59, 12.02) |
1.41 (−7.40, 10.22) |
4.26 (−4.54, 13.07) |
| RMSSD (ms) | 41.51 (28.39, 54.63) |
0.76 (−4.56, 6.09) |
−2.21 (−7.53, 3.12) |
−1.44 (−6.76, 3.88) |
−3.15 (−8.47, 2.17) |
−3.19 (−8.51, 2.13) |
| TF (ms2) | 1407.53 (816.28, 1998.78) |
−190.15 (−617.85, 237.55) |
−91.18 (−518.88, 336.52) |
−69.81 (−497.51, 357.89) |
−13.75 (−441.45, 413.96) |
26.67 (−401.03, 454.37) |
| LF (ms2) | 432.39 (246.02, 618.75) |
−54.68 (−203.00, 93.64) |
−45.23 (−193.55, 103.09) |
−45.86 (−194.18, 102.45) |
−12.04 (−160.36, 136.27) |
77.89 (−70.42, 226.21) |
| HF (ms2) | 256.67 (25.13, 488.20) |
−17.95 (−110.86, 74.96) |
−42.69 (−135.60, 50.22) |
−62.72 (−155.63, 30.18) |
−68.12 (−161.03, 24.79) |
−97.81* (−190.71, −4.90) |
| nLF (%) | 53.03 (43.27, 62.79) |
−2.90 (−11.14, 5.34) |
5.01 (−3.23, 13.25) |
4.26 (−3.97, 12.50) |
7.10 (−1.13, 15.34) |
9.50* (1.26, 17.74) |
| nHF (%) | 43.72 (34.52, 52.93) |
2.39 (−5.43, 10.21) |
−5.11 (−12.92, 2.71) |
−4.31 (−12.13, 3.51) |
−7.23 (−15.05, 0.58) |
−9.40* (−17.22, −1.58) |
| LF/HF | 2.03 (1.08, 2.98) |
−0.37 (−1.34, 0.60) |
0.29 (−0.67, 1.26) |
0.13 (−0.84, 1.09) |
0.14 (−0.83, 1.10) |
0.98* (0.02, 1.95) |
| Respiration | ||||||
| Respiratory rate (bpm) | 14.49 (10.94, 18.04) |
0.11 (−1.05, 1.27) |
0.43 (−0.74, 1.59) |
−0.21 (−1.37, 0.96) |
0.22 (−0.94, 1.38) |
−0.15 (−1.31, 1.02) |
| PPG signals | ||||||
| Amplitude (V) | 0.38 (0.29, 0.47) |
−0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) |
0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) |
0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) |
0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) |
0.03 (−0.01, 0.07) |
| Systolic area (Vs) | 94.50 (71.11, 117.90) |
0.18 (−9.25, 9.61) |
8.17 (−1.26, 17.60) |
8.73 (−0.70, 18.16) |
7.26 (−2.17, 116.69) |
12.00** (2.57, 21.43) |
| ICG signals | ||||||
| Cardiac output (ml/min) | 7107.78 (2142.10,12,073.47) |
−182.77 (−1218.29, 852.76) |
−395.31 (−1430.84, 640.21) |
−509.858 (−1545.39, 525.67) |
−261.268 (−1296.80, 774.26) |
−239.630 (−1275.16, 795.90) |
| Stroke volume (ml) | 105.659 (16.99, 194.32) |
−5.084 (−21.76, 11.60) |
−8.855 (−25.54, 7.83) |
−10.239 (−26.92, 6.44) |
−11.781 (−28.46, 4.90) |
−11.699 (−28.38, 4.98) |
NN normal to normal interval, SDNN standard deviation of the NN interval, RMSDD square root of the mean squared differences of NN intervals, TF total frequency, LF low-frequency domain, HF high-frequency domain, nLF normalized low-frequency domain, nHF normalized high-frequency domain
**,p < 0.01; *,p < 0.05
aValues represent differences between the baseline and each assessment during the needling procedure (95% CI). The other details are identical to the footnote of Table 3 except for following abbreviations