Table 1.
Characteristics and results of univariate Cox regression analysis of a random community sample of people with diabetes in Taiwan (N = 597; 69 stroke cases)
| Characteristics | Mean ± SD or number (% in column) | No. of strokes (% in row) | Hazard Ratio | 95% CI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health knowledgea | |||||
| Low (0) | 77(12.90%) | 16(20.78%) | 1 | ||
| Moderate (1–3) | 243(40.7%) | 29(11.93%) | 0.54 | 0.30–1.00 | 0.05 |
| High (4–15) | 277(46.4%) | 20(7.22%) | 0.32 | 0.17–0.61 | <0.01 |
| Mean (SD) age, years, | 51.28(9.17) | 54.63(7.64) | 1.05 | 1.02–1.09 | <0.01 |
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 289(48.41%) | 31(10.73%) | 1 | ||
| Male | 308(51.59%) | 34(11.04%) | 1.02 | 0.63–1.66 | 0.93 |
| BMI | |||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 12(2.01%) | 1(8.33%) | 0.67 | 0.09–4.99 | 0.70 |
| Normal weight (18.5–24) | 193(32.33%)) | 23(11.92%) | 1 | ||
| Overweight (24–27) | 182(30.49%) | 20(10.99%) | 0.92 | 0.50–1.67 | 0.78 |
| Obese (>27) | 205(34.34%) | 20(9.76%) | 0.81 | 0.44–1.47 | 0.48 |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married/cohabiting | 480(80.40%) | 44(9.17%) | 1 | ||
| Single | 45(7.54%) | 6(13.33%) | 1.46 | 0.62–3.43 | 0.38 |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 71(11.89%) | 15(21.13%) | 2.42 | 1.34–4.34 | <0.01 |
| Education | |||||
| Low (elementary or below) | 274(45.90%) | 39(14.23%) | 1 | ||
| Moderate (junior/senior high) | 231(38.69%) | 18(7.79%) | 0.53 | 0.31–0.93 | 0.03 |
| High (college or above) | 92(15.41%) | 8(8.70%) | 0.59 | 0.28–1.26 | 0.17 |
| Household income in tertiles | |||||
| Low (<US$968/month) | 181(30.32%) | 22(12.15%) | 1 | ||
| Moderate (US$968–2258/month) | 225(37.69%) | 27(12%) | 0.97 | 0.55–1.70 | 0.91 |
| High (>US$2258/month) | 155(25.96%) | 14(9.03%) | 0.72 | 0.37–1.40 | 0.33 |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never | 410(68.68%) | 37(9.02%) | 1 | ||
| Current | 150(25.13%) | 25(16.67%) | 1.92 | 1.16–3.20 | 0.01 |
| Former | 37(6.20%) | 3(8.10%) | 0.91 | 0.28–2.94 | 0.87 |
| Alcohol consumption | |||||
| None | 406(68.01%) | 42(10.34%) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 191(31.99%) | 23(12.04%) | 1.16 | 0.70–1.93 | 0.57 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | |||||
| No | 179(29.98%) | 14(7.82%) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 418(70.02%) | 51(12.2%) | 1.58 | 0.88–2.86 | 0.13 |
| Hyperlipidemia | |||||
| No | 180(30.15%) | 14(7.78%) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 417(69.85%) | 51(12.23%) | 1.60 | 0.89–2.89 | 0.12 |
| Atrial fibrillation | |||||
| No | 584(97.82%) | 60(10.27%) | |||
| Yes | 13(2.18%) | 5(38.46%) | 4.97 | 1.99–12.39 | <0.01 |
| Coronary artery disease | |||||
| No | 401(67.17%) | 36(8.98%) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 196(32.83%) | 29(14.8%) | 1.70 | 1.04–2.78 | 0.03 |
| Congestive heart failure | |||||
| No | 551(92.29%) | 55(9.98%) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 46(7.71%) | 10(21.74%) | 2.33 | 1.19–4.57 | 0.01 |
Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, BMI body mass index
aThe dose–response relationship of health knowledge and incident stroke was evaluated by the trend test (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.41–0.79; P for trend < 0.01)