Table 3.

Relationship between sarcopenia and physical activity, according to multiple regression models

Study	N	Variable	Status	Multiple logistic regression models adjusted for	OR (95% CI)
Females
Akune et al29	651	Current walking habits	Yes vs no	Age and BMI	0.75 (0.39–1.44)
		Exercise habits in middle age	Yes vs no	Age and BMI	0.55 (0.27–1.13)
Castillo et al62	1,006	Exercise 3+ times/wk	Yes vs no	Age, alcohol use, and current smoking status	0.51 (0.30–0.89)*
de Castro et al46	91	Physical activity level	–	Age, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, diabetes, WHR, WC, CI, WHER, and BMI	0.54 (0.13–2.27)
Goodman et al49	374	Average level of physical activity each day	Moderate vs low	Unadjusted	1.30 (1.01–1.75)*
			Heavy vs low	Unadjusted	1.14 (0.40–4.23)
Ryu et al31	1,324	Physical activity level	Moderate vs low	Age	1.01 (0.65–1.57)
			High vs low	Age	0.76 (0.45–1.29)
Males
Akune et al29	349	Current walking habits	Yes vs no	Age and BMI	0.60 (0.28–1.27)
		Exercise habits in middle age	Yes vs no	Age and BMI	0.48 (0.22–1.03)
Castillo et al62	694	Exercise 3+ times/wk	Yes vs no	Age, alcohol use, and current smoking status	0.77 (0.39–1.55)
Figueiredo et al64	399	Physical activity	Yes vs no	Age, BMI, race, smoking, and total femur bone mineral density	0.28 (0.08–0.95)*
Goodman et al49	551	Average level of physical activity each day	Moderate vs low	Unadjusted	0.79 (0.62–1.01)
			Heavy vs low	Unadjusted	0.57 (0.29–1.13)
Kim et al30	1,156	3 or more days of vigorous activity of at least 20 min per day	–	Age, BMI, smoking habit, alcohol drinking, family income, education, and protein intake	0.55 (0.23–1.31)
		5 or more days of moderate-intensity activity of at least 30 min/d	–	Age, BMI, smoking habit, alcohol drinking, family income, education, and protein intake	0.59 (0.26–1.36)
		5 or more days of walking of at least 30 min/d	–	Age, BMI, smoking habit, alcohol drinking, family income, education, and protein intake	0.49 (0.29–0.83)*
		Strength exercise: 2 or more days/wk	–	Age, BMI, smoking habit, alcohol drinking, family income, education and protein intake	0.59 (0.24–1.48)
		Flexibility exercise: 2 or more days/wk	–	Age, BMI, smoking habit, alcohol drinking, family income, education and protein intake	1.21 (0.61–2.40)
Ryu et al31	940	Physical activity level	Moderate vs low	Age	0.65 (0.41–1.04)
			High vs low	Age	0.29 (0.15–0.56)*
Females and males together
Akune et al29	1,000	Current walking habits	Yes vs no	Age and BMI	0.69 (0.42–1.12)
		Exercise habits in middle age	Yes vs no	Age and BMI	0.53 (0.31–0.90)*
Beavers et al45	7,544	Physical activity level	High vs none	Age, BMI, protein intake, serum uric acid	0.80 (0.70–1.00)*
			Med vs none	Age, BMI, protein intake, serum uric acid	0.70 (0.60–1.00)*
			Low vs none	Age, BMI, protein intake, serum uric acid	0.80 (0.60–1.00)*
da Silva et al47	253	Past physical activity (PPA)	Yes vs no	Unclear	0.41 (0.20–0.82)*
Landi et al50	122	1 h or more exercises per day	Never or less than 1 h/d	Unadjusted	0.37 (0.12–0.99)*
Murphy et al54	2,355	Physical activity	500–1,499 vs <500 kcal/wk	Unclear	0.87 (0.70–1.06)
			>1,500 vs <500 kcal/wk	Unclear	0.77 (0.60–0.97)*
Yo et al66	3,142	PASE total score	–	Age, demographics, socioeconomic status, medical history, lifestyle factors, cognitive function, IADL impairments, and BMI	0.99 (0.98–0.99)*
Zeng et al59,a	461	Physical exercise	Yes vs no	Unclear	0.27 (0.09–0.79)*

Notes:

^aSarcopenia was considered as low gait speed.

^*Statistically significant.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; PASE, Physical Activity Scale of the Elderly; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; WHR, waist-hip relation; WC, waist circumference; CI, conicity index; WHER, waist-height relation; IADL, instrumental activity of daily living.