Table 1.
Physical activity in childhood and adolescence (9–18 years, during years 1980–1986) in the groups with later development of schizophrenia or any non-affective psychosis, and controls with no psychiatric diagnoses during follow-up years 1980–2012
| Physical activity in childhood and adolescence | Study population | Physical activity outcomes in different groups | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Patients with non-affective psychosis | Patients with schizophrenia | Controls | Patients with non-affective psychosis | Patients with schizophrenia | Controls | ||||||||
| N | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | ||
| PAI (range 5–14)a | ||||||||||||||
| 9 years | 1501 | 25 | (1.7) | 16 | (1.1) | 1476 | (98.3) | 8.8 | (1.6) | 8.3 | (1.3) | 9.4 | (1.6) | |
| 12 years | 1559 | 30 | (1.9) | 21 | (1.3) | 1529 | (98.0) | 9.2 | (1.9) | 8.6 | (1.7) | 9.5 | (1.8) | |
| 15 years | 1493 | 27 | (1.8) | 17 | (1.1) | 1466 | (98.2) | 8.5 | (1.6) | 8.2 | (1.3) | 8.8 | (1.9) | |
| 18 years | 1291 | 21 | (1.6) | 15 | (1.2) | 1270 | (98.4) | 7.5 | (1.2) | 7.7 | (1.1) | 8.4 | (2.0) | |
| Common activity during leisure time (range 1–3)b | ||||||||||||||
| 9 years | 1538 | 27 | (1.8) | 16 | (1.0) | 1511 | (98.2) | 2.5 | (0.6) | 2.4 | (0.7) | 2.6 | (0.6) | |
| 12 years | 1599 | 31 | (1.9) | 21 | (1.3) | 1568 | (98.1) | 2.2 | (0.8) | 2.1 | (0.8) | 2.5 | (0.7) | |
| 15 years | 1533 | 29 | (1.9) | 18 | (1.2) | 1504 | (98.1) | 2.0 | (0.6) | 2.1 | (0.6) | 2.2 | (0.6) | |
| 18 years | 1324 | 23 | (1.7) | 16 | (1.2) | 1301 | (98.3) | 1.7 | (0.7) | 1.7 | (0.7) | 2.0 | (0.7) | |
| Frequency of leisure-time physical activity (range 1–7)c | ||||||||||||||
| 9 years | 1089 | 24 | (2.2) | 11 | (1.0) | 1065 | (97.8) | 5.6 | (1.4) | 5.4 | (1.6) | 5.9 | (1.2) | |
| 12 years | 1146 | 27 | (2.3) | 9 | (0.8) | 1119 | (97.6) | 5.9 | (1.3) | 5.7 | (1.8) | 5.8 | (1.3) | |
| 15 years | 1672 | 35 | (2.1) | 13 | (0.8) | 1637 | (97.9) | 5.3 | (1.3) | 5.2 | (1.6) | 5.5 | (1.5) | |
| 18 years | 1541 | 29 | (1.9) | 9 | (0.6) | 1512 | (98.1) | 4.9 | (2.0) | 4.2 | (2.3) | 5.3 | (1.6) | |
| Intensity of physical activity (range 1–3)d | ||||||||||||||
| 9 years | 1541 | 28 | (1.8) | 17 | (1.1) | 1513 | (98.2) | 2.0 | (0.5) | 1.8 | (0.4) | 1.9 | (0.4) | |
| 12 years | 1595 | 31 | (1.9) | 21 | (1.3) | 1564 | (98.1) | 2.0 | (0.6) | 2.0 | (0.5) | 2.0 | (0.5) | |
| 15 years | 1528 | 29 | (1.9) | 18 | (1.2) | 1499 | (98.1) | 2.1 | (0.3) | 2.1 | (0.2) | 2.1 | (0.5) | |
| 18 years | 1328 | 22 | (1.7) | 16 | (1.2) | 1306 | (98.3) | 2.0 | (0.5) | 2.1 | (0.6) | 2.2 | (0.6) | |
| Frequency of participation in organized training (range 1–3)e | ||||||||||||||
| 9 years | 535 | 5 | (0.9) | 2 | (0.4) | 530 | (99.1) | 1.6 | (0.5) | 2.0 | (0.0) | 2.5 | (1.9) | |
| 12 years | 987 | 15 | (1.5) | 7 | (0.7) | 972 | (98.5) | 2.7 | (2.2) | 1.1 | (0.4) | 2.9 | (2.0) | |
| 15 years | 1068 | 26 | (2.4) | 15 | (1.4) | 1042 | (97.6) | 2.6 | (2.1) | 2.0 | (1.8) | 2.8 | (2.1) | |
| 18 years | 949 | 12 | (1.3) | 9 | (0.9) | 937 | (98.7) | 1.8 | (1.7) | 2.0 | (2.0) | 2.4 | (2.0) | |
| Participation in sports competitionsf | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | ||||||||
| 9 years | 1137 | 17 | (1.5) | 8 | (0.7) | 1120 | (98.5) | 3 | (17.6) | 2 | (25.0) | 396 | (35.4) | |
| 12 years | 1187 | 26 | (2.2) | 11 | (0.9) | 1161 | (97.8) | 8 | (30.8) | 5 | (45.5) | 515 | (44.4) | |
| 15 years | 1112 | 21 | (1.9) | 7 | (0.6) | 1091 | (98.1) | 2 | (9.5) | 1 | (14.3) | 285 | (26.1) | |
| 18 years | 930 | 12 | (1.3) | 2 | (0.2) | 918 | (98.7) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 149 | (16.2) | |
DSM-IV diagnosis 295; DSM-IV diagnoses 295, 297, and 298
a PAI ratings ranging from 5 to 14
b Common activity during leisure time was asked by “What do you usually do in your leisure time?”: 1 = I am usually indoors and read or do something like that, 2 = I spend my time indoors and outdoors, outdoors I usually walk or spend time with my friends, 3 = I am usually outdoors and exercise rather much
c Frequency of leisure-time physical activity was asked by “How often do you engage in leisure-time physical activity at least half an hour per time?”. The response alternatives were: 1 = not at all, 2 = less than once a month, 3 = once a month, 4 = 2–3 times a month, 5 = once a week, 6 = 2–6 times a week, 7 = every day
d Intensity of physical activity was asked by “How much are you breath-taking and sweating when you engage in physical activity and sport?”: 1 = not at all, 2 = moderately, 3 = a lot of
e Frequency of participation in organized training was asked by “Do you participate in organized physical activity?”: 1 = not at all, occasionally or less than once a month, 2 = regularly, once a month or more, or once a week, 3 = many hours and times a week
f Participation in sports competitions: 1 = no, 2 = yes