Table 4.
Resting state studies
| Author | Year | n (HC/SZ/SAD/BD) | Bipolar subtype | Illness duration | Medication status | Areas of interest | Tesla | Scan (min) | eyes open/closed | Analysis | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ongur et al. 79 | 2010 | 15/7/7/17 | Acutely ill | Medicated | Default mode network | 3 | 10 | Open | ICA | Mixed increase and decrease in DMN connectivity in both SZ and BD compared to HC | |
| Chai et al. 136 | 2011 | 15/16/0/14 | Chronic | Medicated | Medial prefrontal cortex | 3 | 10 | Open | Seed | BD > SZ > HC in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and insula connectivity; HC > SZ > BD in DLPFC connectivity | |
| Meda et al. 81 | 2012 | 118/70/0/64 | P | Chronic | Medicated | 16 Large scale networks | 3 | 5.25 | Open | ICA | HC > SZ = BD in fronto-occipital and anterior DMN, HC = BD > SZ in meso/paralimbic and sensory-motor network, BD > HC in Fronto-temporal/paralimbic and meso/paralimbic |
| Mamah et al. 82 | 2013 | 33/25/0/35 | Chronic | Medicated | Five large scale networks | 3 | 13.7 | Closed | Seed | HC > BD = SZ in cingulo-opercular network | |
| Liu et al. 85 | 2014 | 18/18/0/18 | Chronic | Medicated | Prefrontal cortex, amygdala | 3 | Closed | Seed | BD = SZ mixed increase and decrease in connectivity between amygdala subregions and the prefrontal cortex compared to HC | ||
| Meda et al. 80 | 2014 | 324/269/0/300 | P | Chronic | Medicated | Default mode network | ICA | HC > BD > SZ | |||
| Anticevic et al. 84 | 2014 | 146/90/0/73 | P/NP | Chronic | Medicated | Thalamus | 3 | 5.25 | Open | Seed | Mixed increase and decrease in connectivity in SZ and BD compared to HC; BD show less cerebellar dysconnectivity than SZ |
| Knochel et al. 38 | 2014 | 21/21/0/21 | Chronic | Medicated | Hippocampus | 3 | 13.3 | Seed | No significant differences when all three groups are compared | ||
| Rashid et al. 137 | 2014 | 61/60(SZ/ SAD)/0/38 | P/NP | Chronic | Medicated | 49 Large scale networks | 3 | 5.25 | Open | Dynamic ICA | HC > BD = SZ in number of transitions between states |
| Argyelan et al. 87 | 2014 | 32/18/0/19 | P/NP | Chronic | Medicated | Whole brain connectivity, caudate | 3 | 5 | Closed | Seed | SZ < BD < HC in global connectivity, specifically thalamus, paracingulate, caudate, fusiform and lingual gyrus |
| Baker et al.JT83 | 2014 | 100/28/32/40 | P | Chronic | Medicated | 17 Large scale networks | 3 | 6.2 | Open | Seed | HC > BD = SZ in frontoparietal network |
| Meda et al. 138 | 2015 | 242/220/147/180 | P | Chronic | Medicated | Whole brain | 3 | 5 | Open | ALFF | Mixed increase and decrease in ALFF in all diagnostic groups |
| Du et al. 139 | 2015 | 20/20/33/20 | Chronic | Medicated | 12 Large scale networks | 3 | 5 | Open | ICA | Discriminative regions included frontal, parietal, precuneus, cingulate, supplementary motor, cerebellar, insula and supramarginal cortices | |
| Anticevic et al. 140 | 2015 | 56/73/0/73 | P/NP | Chronic | Medicated | Ventral ACC | 3 | 5.25 | Open | Seed | HC > SZ = BD |
| Hager et al. 141 | 2016 | 156/107/98/125 | P | Chronic | Medicated | Whole brain | 3 | 5 | Multiple time scales | SZ < HC in complexity in hypothalamus, BD < HC in complexity in left inferior occipital, right precentral and left superior parietal. HC > SZ = SAD = in complexity PFC | |
| Skatun et al. 142 | 2016 | 196/60/11/43 | Chronic | Medicated | 3 | 5.3 | Open | Eigenvector centrality mapping | HC > SZ in global connectivity in sensory regions, HC > SZ = BD in subcortical regions; SZ > BD > HC in connectivity in frontal and parietal areas |
HC healthy control, BD bipolar disorder, SZ schizophrenia, SAD schizoaffective disorder, P psychotic bipolar disorder, NP non-psychotic bipolar disorder, ICA independent components analysis, ALFF amplitude of low frequency fluctuations, ACC anterior cingulate cortex, PFC prefrontal cortex, DLPFC dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DMN default mode network