Table 1. Characteristics of under-five children, stratified by mortality.
| Total | Alive | Dead | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | N (%wt)a | N (%wt)a | ||
| All | 787,484 | 688,733 (87.4) | 98,751 (12.6) | |
| Country, y | < 0.001 | |||
| Benin, 2011/12 | 42,775 | 39,378 (92.3) | 3,397 (7.7) | |
| Bukina Faso, 2010 | 53,312 | 44,961 (84.4) | 8,351 (15.6) | |
| Burundi, 2010 | 23,209 | 19,996 (85.4) | 3,213 (14.6) | |
| Comoros, 2012 | 9,870 | 9,376 (94.9) | 494 (5.1) | |
| Congo, 2011/12 | 28,379 | 25,729 (91.6) | 2,650 (8.4) | |
| Côte d'Ivoire, 2011/12 | 25,312 | 21,996 (88.0) | 3,316 (12.0) | |
| DRC, 2013/14 | 56,391 | 49,389 (87.9) | 7,002 (12.1) | |
| Ethiopia, 2011 | 42,849 | 36,589 (85.7) | 6,260 (14.3) | |
| Gabon, 2012 | 17,882 | 16,663 (94.0) | 1,219 (6.0) | |
| Gambia, 2013 | 23,980 | 22,223 (92.9) | 1,757 (7.1) | |
| Guinea, 2012 | 25,873 | 22,008 (85.2) | 3,865 (14.8) | |
| Kenya, 2014 | 36,947 | 34,415 (93.0) | 2,532 (7.0) | |
| Liberia, 2013 | 27,263 | 22,761 (84.0) | 4,502 (16.0) | |
| Mali, 2012/13 | 28,125 | 25,048 (88.9) | 3,077 (11.1) | |
| Mozambique, 2011 | 34,766 | 30,282 (86.2) | 4,484 (13.8) | |
| Namibia, 2013 | 9,259 | 8,729 (94.3) | 530 (5.7) | |
| Nigeria, 2013 | 114,134 | 96,105 (84.2) | 18,029 (15.8) | |
| Rwanda, 2010 | 30,597 | 26,576 (86.7) | 4,021 (13.3) | |
| Sierra Leone, 2013 | 43,471 | 35,151 (80.4) | 8,320 (19.6) | |
| Togo, 2013/14 | 25,084 | 22,360 (89.8) | 2,724 (10.2) | |
| Uganda, 2011 | 27,748 | 24,404 (87.8) | 3,344 (12.2) | |
| Zambia, 2013/14 | 43,064 | 38,508 (89.6) | 4,556 (10.4) | |
| Zimbabwe, 2010/11 | 17,194 | 16,086 (93.2) | 1,108 (6.8) | |
| Residence | < 0.001 | |||
| Rural | 563,543 | 486,806 (86.1) | 76,737 (13.9) | |
| Urban | 223,941 | 201,927 (90.7) | 22,014 (9.3) | |
| Child’s characteristics | ||||
| Sex | < 0.001 | |||
| Female | 386,512 | 341,249 (88.3) | 45,263 (11.7) | |
| Male | 400,972 | 347,484 (86.6) | 53,488 (13.4) | |
| Currently breastfeeding | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 497,329 | 428,856 (86.2) | 68,473 (13.8) | |
| Yes | 290,155 | 259,877 (89.5) | 30,278 (10.5) | |
| No. of under-5 in HH, mean (SD)b | 1.6 | 1.7 (1.4) | 1.4 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
| Parent’s characteristics | ||||
| Mother’s age, mean (SD)b | 35.5 | 35.3 (7.9) | 36.8 (7.7) | < 0.001 |
| Mother’s education | < 0.001 | |||
| No education | 402,063 | 341,804 (84.9) | 60,259 (15.1) | |
| Primary | 245,190 | 217,567 (88.7) | 27,623 (11.3) | |
| Secondary | 124,872 | 114,882 (92.2) | 9,990 (7.8) | |
| Higher | 15,359 | 14,480 (94.4) | 879 (5.6) | |
| Mother’s occupation | < 0.001 | |||
| Not employed | 198,874 | 176,760 (88.7) | 22,114 (11.3) | |
| Professional/office-related | 23,502 | 21,956 (93.4) | 1,546 (6.6) | |
| Sales | 167,067 | 146,127 (87.7) | 20,940 (12.3) | |
| Farming | 306,079 | 263,362 (85.8) | 42,717 (14.2) | |
| Other services | 91,962 | 80,528 (90.0) | 11,434 (12.0) | |
| Father’s occupation | < 0.001 | |||
| Not employed | 67,156 | 59,610 (88.5) | 7,546 (11.5) | |
| Professional/office-related | 76,133 | 68,805 (90.7) | 7,328 (9.3) | |
| Sales | 66,849 | 58,725 (88.0) | 8,124 (12.0) | |
| Farming | 386,964 | 331,667 (85.5) | 55,297 (14.5) | |
| Other services | 190,382 | 169,926 (89.4) | 20,456 (10.6) | |
| Household characteristics | ||||
| No. of HH members, mean (SD)b | 7.3 | 7.4 (4.1) | 7.0 (3.8) | < 0.001 |
| Wealth index | < 0.001 | |||
| Poorest | 203,581 | 173,831 (84.6) | 39,750 (15.4) | |
| Poorer | 173,256 | 149,193 (85.8) | 24,063 (14.2) | |
| Middle-class | 157,915 | 137,782 (87.4) | 20,133 (12.6) | |
| Richer | 140,867 | 125,058 (89.0) | 15,809 (11.0) | |
| Richest | 111,865 | 102,869 (92.2) | 8,996 (7.8) | |
| Cooking fuel | < 0.001 | |||
| Clean | 32,039 | 30,217 (94.4) | 1,822 (5.6) | |
| Pollutant | 755,400 | 658,471 (87.1) | 96,929 (12.9) | |
| Secondhand smoking in HH | < 0.001 | |||
| Never | 609,598 | 535,362 (87.9) | 74,236 (12.1) | |
| Daily | 148,404 | 127,684 (85.7) | 20,720 (14.3) | |
| Weekly | 18,013 | 15,638 (86.4) | 2,375 (13.6) | |
| Monthly | 11,469 | 10,049 (88.2) | 1,420 (11.8) |
a The proportions were weighted (i.e. %wt) using Taylor series linearization by including the country, sampling weights, sampling strata (cluster) and primary sampling unit;
b General linear regression was employed for continuous indicators;
N, Unweighted number of under-five children; HH, Household; SD, Standard Deviation.