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Crkl+/exon2Δ age matched males exhibit higher-trending but statistically nonsignificant rates of VUR compared with Crkl+/+ males. Methylene blue dye is injected into the bladders of anesthetized age-matched males until urethral leakage. When VUR is present, blue dye can be seen flowing retrograde from the bladder through the ureters (black arrows) toward the kidneys (K). VUR was observed in 32.7% (17 of 52) of Crkl+/exon2Δ males versus 21% (12 of 57) of Crkl+/+ controls (P = 0.19).
