Table S1.

Summary of composition of mixtures used for ATP hydrolysis/synthesis measurements

Components	Reconstitution	Acidification*			Reaction (outside liposomes)
pH	8.03	6.37	6.98	7.62	8.02–8.04
Tricine, mM	20		6		0.6
Mes, mM	—	28	0	0	0.6 or 0
Hepes, mM	—	0	28	28	280
MgCl2, mM	2.5		5		5
NaH2PO4, mM	—		10 or 1 or 0.1		10 or 1 or 0.1
KCl, mM	5		5		5
NaCl, mM	25		11.8		11.5
Sucrose,† mMa	500		500		50
KOH, mM	—		—		0–202
NaOH, mM	15		10–50		202–0
ADP,‡ mM	—		0.02–0.64		0.02–0.64
Valinomycin, nM	—		200		20
ATP,§ nM	—		245–2,030		245–2,030
Osmolarity, mosmol/L	610		610–650		600

^*The three columns show three kinds of acidification solutions.

^†Added for osmotic balance.

^‡The purified ADP contained 0.0005% of ATP.

^§ATP concentration is average value from actual measurements in each condition.