Table S2.

Characterization of visual cortex map structure for different mammalian species

Species	OP	OD	Description
Mouse	Absent	Absent	No OP columns by electrophysiological recordings found (107), although indications for the clustering of cells of similar OPs were found
			No OD columns by autoradiography (108) and electrophysiological recordings (107, 109) found
Rat	Absent	Absent	No OP columns by calcium imaging (26) and electrophysiological recordings (110) found (ref. 28 has a review)
			No OD columns present (ref. 43 has a review), although inputs from both eyes are largely segregated in the binocular region of V1 (111)
Rabbit	Absent	Absent	No OP columns by electrophysiological recordings found (112), although OPs appeared to be arranged in clusters
			No OD columns found by autoradiography (96)
Gray squirrel	Absent	Absent	No OP columns by electrophysiological and optical imaging found (27)
			No OD columns by autoradiography found (113)
Agouti	Unknown	Unknown	Manifestation of visual cortex maps is unknown
Sheep	Present	Present	The presence of OP columns was shown by a gradual shift in OP in ref. 61, but the exact characteristic of the map is unknown
			The presence of OD columns was also found electrophysiologically in ref. 61, although the existence of an OD map is controversial, because the work in ref. 100 could find only slight indications for a structured map by autoradiography
Ferret	Intermediate	Intermediate	The presence of OP maps has been described by optical recordings (114, 115) but categorized as less regular and more discontinuous than the cat map. Therefore, we classified it as intermediate
			The presence of OD columns has been described by autoradiography (116) and optical recordings (117) and characterized as less pronounced than in primates (117). Therefore, we classified it as intermediate (44)
Cat	Highly developed	Intermediate	OP map found by optical recordings (9, 115, 117, 118) and calcium imaging (10)
			OD map found by optical recordings (117, 118) and autoradiographic and electrophysiological recordings (21) but characterized as less pronounced than in primates (117). Therefore, we classified it as intermediate (44)
Tree shrew	Intermediate	Absent	OP map has been shown by optical recordings (14, 63), but map contains extensive regions of a stripe-like pattern instead of the classical pinwheel pattern. Therefore, we classified it as intermediate
			No OD columns found by the pattern of LGN projections (64), electrophysiologically (65), and by autoradiography (66)
Marmoset	Highly developed	Intermediate	OP map has been shown by optical recordings (ref. 119 has a review)
			OD map in some species but not in others found by optical recordings and if it appeared relatively weak and as a mosaic of irregular bands or islands (120). Expression of OD maps has been reported (121) but remains controversial (ref. 119 has a discussion). Therefore, we classified it as intermediate
Galago	Highly developed	Intermediate	OP map has been reported by optical recordings (14, 122)
			OD map has been reported by optical recordings in most of the tested animals but not all (122), and CO blobs are not centered to OD columns (122). Therefore, we classified it as intermediate
Owl monkey	Highly developed	Intermediate	OP map has been shown by optical imaging (123, 124)
			OD map is cryptic, because there is no known anatomical substrate of OD columns except for one reported owl monkey (125), but a functional OD map is visible in the superficial layers (124). OD columns in owl monkeys are more patch-like or circular than the stripe-like OD columns seen in other monkeys, and CO blobs are not centered to OD columns (124). Therefore, we classified it as intermediate
Squirrel monkey	Highly developed	Intermediate	OP map has been reported by ref. 126
			Intermediate OD columns, because they are less well-segregated than in macaques (43) and capriciously expressed in different individuals (57). Furthermore, CO domains have been reported to not adhere strictly to the center of OD domains (43). Therefore, we classified it as intermediate (44)
Macaque	Highly developed	Highly developed	Reference example of OP and OD map
			OP map has been found by electrophysiological (127) and optical recordings (8)
			OD map has been found by electrophysiological recordings in combination with a silver staining method (128), by autoradiography (129), and by optical recordings (8)
			Map shows pinwheel singularities at the center of OD columns and linear zones at the edges of OD columns; isoorientation bands tend to intersect the borders of OD columns at angles of 90°, and CO blobs are in the center of OD columns (58, 130, 131)
Chimpanzee	Unknown	Highly developed	Presence of OP map is unknown
			OD map has been found by autoradiography (132)
Human	Highly developed	Highly developed	OP map has been reliably reported by fMRI, and striking similarities with the known spatial features of monkeys were found (133)
			OD map has been reliably reported by fMRI (133, 134) and cytochrome oxidase staining of human postmortem tissue (135). A similar network of patches as in macaque has been described (58, 135)

Map structure for OP and eye preference (OD) is characterized as absent, unknown, present, intermediate, or strong. The explanation for the characterization is given by the description that contains the supporting references. CO, cytochrome oxidase; LGN, lateral geniculate nucleus.