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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurobiol Aging. 2016 Aug 1;48:72–82. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.021

Table 4.

Primary analyses: Associations between glucose exposures in the five years preceding death and neuropathology findings; average glucose levels <100 mg/dL serve as the reference category for all models

Core adjustmenta Additional adjustmentb
100–110
mg/dL		 >110
mg/dL		 100–110
mg/dL		 >110
mg/dL
Neuropathologic finding RR, 95%
CI		 RR, 95%
CI		 p
value		 RR, 95%
CI		 RR, 95%
CI		 p
value
CERAD moderate or
frequent		 1.23
(0.83,1.88)		 1.01 (0.67,
1.51)		 0.53 1.28 (0.87,
1.96)		 1.07 (0.71,
1.59)		 0.46
Braak Stage V-VI 1.22 (0.61,
2.46)		 1.06 (0.53,
2.04)		 0.85 1.32 (0.69,
2.80)		 1.12 (0.53,
2.16)		 0.75
Amyloid angiopathy 0.80 (0.42,
1.37)		 0.87 (0.48,
1.53)		 0.77 0.83 (0.43,
1.44)		 0.97 (0.53,
1.72)		 0.80
Cerebral microinfarcts 1.08 (0.41,
2.81)		 1.59 (0.65,
4.63)		 0.61 1.12 (0.36,
2.98)		 1.52 (0.53,
4.44)		 0.70
Macroscopic infarctsc 0.96 (0.54,
1.65)		 0.92 (0.52,
1.67)		 0.97 1.03 (0.59,
1.85)		 0.95 (0.54,
1.70)		 0.97
Atherosclerotic disease 1.18 (0.87,
1.64)		 1.03 (0.75,
1.42)		 0.55 1.26 (0.95,
1.73)		 1.12 (0.82,
1.53)		 0.30
Lewy bodies
  Frontal or temporal
cortex		 1.09 (0.25,
4.30)		 1.03 (0.22,
4.94)		 0.99 0.67 (0.09,
3.59)		 0.95 (0.16,
5.65)		 0.85
  Substantia nigra or
locus ceruleus		 1.67 (0.68,
4.35)		 1.20 (0.49,
3.11)		 0.52 1.52 (0.65,
4.38)		 1.06 (0.37,
2.80)		 0.58
  Amygdala 1.36 (0.58,
3.37)		 1.17 (0.50,
3.27)		 0.78 1.45 (0.62,
4.17)		 1.05 (0.39,
3.02)		 0.66
Hippocampal sclerosis 0.26 (0.05,
1.60)		 1.89 (0.58,
5.36)		 0.01 0.23 (0.05,
1.22)		 2.07 (0.61,
5.94)		 0.01

CERAD = Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease. CI = confidence interval. RR = relative risk.

a

These models included terms for ACT study cohort (Original Cohort enrolled 1994–1996; Expansion Cohort enrolled 2000–2003, or Continuous Enrollment enrolled 2005-onwards), age at death, sex, and level of formal schooling. These models used inverse probability weighting to account for selection bias. The selection model included the following covariates as of the last ACT study follow-up visit: ACT study cohort age, sex, level of formal schooling, and dementia status. P values and confidence intervals were obtained using bootstrapping. The p values are for an omnibus test of whether the RR for the 100–110 mg/dL group and/or the RR for the >110 mg/dL group is statistically different from the null.

b

These models were additionally adjusted for average systolic and diastolic blood pressure, history of coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, smoking, and atrial fibrillation. Note that history of cerebrovascular disease was not included in models of macroscopic infarcts. Further, these models used inverse probability weighting to account for selection bias. The selection model included the following covariates as of the last ACT study follow-up visit: ACT study cohort, age, sex, level of formal schooling, dementia status, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, smoking, and atrial fibrillation. There were five individuals missing one or more covariates from the expanded selection data; they were excluded from these analyses but not for the primary selection models from above. P values and confidence intervals were obtained using bootstrapping.

c

Includes lacunar infarcts