Cell wall monosaccharide composition and penetration resistance of Arabidopsis mutants with impaired starch metabolism. (A) Relative content (mol%) of the neutral monosaccharides fucose (Fuc), rhamnose (Rha), arabinose (Ara), galactose (Gal), xylose (Xyl) and mannose (Man) in 5-week-old rosette leaves of Col-0, pgm, adg1-1 and sex1-1. (B) Galacturonic acid (GalA) and cellulose content in 5-week-old rosette leaves of Col-0, pgm, adg1-1 and sex1-1. Col-0, white bars; pgm, black bars; adg1-1, dark grey bars; sex1-1, light grey bars. Values are means ±SE (n=6). (C) Penetration frequency of C. higginsianum was analysed at 2 dpi in 5-week-old Col-0, pgm, adg1-1 and sex1-1 leaves. Values are means of three biological replicates ±SE. Per replicate, penetration success of hyphae formed from 260–350 conidia on two leaves was scored. Asterisks indicate a significant difference from Col-0 (*P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; Student’s t-test).