Table 2. Variables Associated With High Out-of-Pocket Expenditures and Financial Burden.
| Variable | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High Out-of-Pocket Expendituresa | P Value | High Financial Burden | ||
| Age, y [reference, <70] | ||||
| 70-80 | 0.98 (0.90-1.06) | .55 | 1.11 (1.02-1.21) | .02 |
| >80 | 1.16 (1.05-1.29) | .004 | 1.41 (1.27-1.56) | <.001 |
| Sex [reference, male] | ||||
| Female | 1.12 (1.04-1.21) | .004 | 1.30 (1.20-1.42) | <.001 |
| Race [reference, white] | ||||
| Black | 0.92 (0.81-1.03) | .15 | 1.25 (1.12-1.39) | <.001 |
| Other | 0.78 (0.61-1.01) | .06 | 0.90 (0.72-1.11) | .33 |
| Hispanic ethnicity [reference, no] | ||||
| Yes | 0.81 (0.68-0.96) | .02 | 1.19 (1.02-1.37) | .02 |
| Educational level [reference, less than high school] | ||||
| High school graduate | 1.00 (0.90-1.11) | .99 | 0.74 (0.68-0.82) | <.001 |
| Some college | 1.17 (1.03-1.32) | .01 | 0.70 (0.62-0.79) | <.001 |
| College graduate | 1.34 (1.18-1.52) | <.001 | 0.58 (0.51-0.65) | <.001 |
| Marital status [reference, married] | ||||
| Separated or divorced | 0.86 (0.75-1.00) | .05 | 2.51 (2.23-2.84) | <.001 |
| Widowed | 0.90 (0.82-0.98) | .02 | 2.20 (2.02-2.40) | <.001 |
| Single | 0.77 (0.59-1.00) | .05 | 2.35 (1.87-2.96) | <.001 |
| Wealth quartile [reference, first]b | ||||
| Second | 0.96 (0.87-1.07) | .49 | NA | NA |
| Third | 0.98 (0.88-1.10) | .79 | NA | NA |
| Fourth | 1.17 (1.04-1.32) | .008 | NA | NA |
| Type of supplemental insurance [reference, public] | ||||
| Medicare HMO | 1.80 (1.55-2.08) | <.001 | 1.80 (1.57-2.05) | <.001 |
| Private | 2.38 (2.09-2.71) | <.001 | 1.82 (1.62-2.05) | <.001 |
| None | 2.86 (2.48-3.29) | <.001 | 2.91 (2.57-3.29) | <.001 |
| Disease [reference, none] | ||||
| Cancer | 1.86 (1.55-2.23) | <.001 | 1.47 (1.20-1.79) | <.001 |
| Noncancer conditionc | 1.82 (1.69-1.97) | <.001 | 1.69 (1.57-1.83) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: HMO, health maintenance organization; NA, not applicable.
Values represent estimates from multivariable logistic regression. The regression model is adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational level, marital status, geographic region, self-assessed health, comorbidities, smoking status, baseline wealth quartile (only for out-of-pocket expenditures), and survey wave. Results for geographic region are not displayed owing to table length. High out-of-pocket expenditures and financial burden refer to participants with out-of-pocket expenditures and financial burden in the highest decile of the distribution of out-of-pocket expenditures and financial burden, respectively.
Wealth was not included as a covariate in logistic regression examining financial burden.
Heart disease, dementia, stroke, type 1 or 2 diabetes, or lung disease.