Table 1.
Patient Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
| Overall (n = 290) no. (%) | Referral (n = 90) no. (%) | Brief intervention (n = 97) no. (%) | Buprenorphine (n = 103) no. (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Male sex, no. (%) | 220 (75.9) | 69 (76.7) | 73 (75.3) | 78 (75.7) |
| Race/ethnicity, no. (%) | ||||
| White | 219 (75.5) | 66 (73.3) | 71 (73.2) | 82 (79.6) |
| Black | 19 (6.6) | 6 (6.7) | 6 (6.2) | 7 (6.8) |
| Hispanic | 49 (16.9) | 16 (17.8) | 20 (20.6) | 13 (12.6) |
| Other | 3 (1.0) | 2 (2.2) | 0 | 1 (1.0) |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 31.5 (10.0) | 31.9 (10.6) | 31.7 (9.7) | 31.1 (10.0) |
| Education, no. (%) | ||||
| High school graduate or equivalent | 117 (40.3) | 33 (36.7) | 44 (45.4) | 40 (38.8) |
| Some college | 101 (34.9) | 29 (32.3) | 32 (33.0) | 40 (38.8) |
| College degree or more | 19 (6.6) | 8 (8.9) | 8 (8.2) | 3 (2.9) |
| Usual employment, past 3 years, no. (%) | ||||
| Full-time | 148 (51.0) | 48 (53.3) | 49 (50.5) | 51 (49.5) |
| Part-time | 77 (26.6) | 24 (26.7) | 26 (26.8) | 27 (26.2) |
| Married, no. (%) | 32 (11.0) | 10 (11.1) | 8 (8.2) | 14 (13.6) |
| No stable living arrangement, past 30 days, no. (%) | 24 (8.3) | 7 (7.8) | 6 (6.2) | 11 (10.7) |
| Health insurance, no. (%) | ||||
| Private/commercial | 85 (29.3) | 24 (26.7) | 28 (28.9) | 33 (32.0) |
| Medicare | 6 (2.1) | 1 (1.1) | 3 (3.1) | 2 (1.9) |
| Medicaid | 131 (45.2) | 45 (50.0) | 41 (42.3) | 45 (43.7) |
| None | 66 (22.8) | 20 (22.2) | 24 (24.7) | 22 (21.4) |
| Primary care physician, no. (%) | 120 (41.4) | 33 (36.7) | 41 (42.3) | 46 (44.7) |
| Usual source of care, no. (%) | ||||
| Private physician’s office | 80 (27.6) | 24 (26.7) | 24 (24.7) | 32 (31.1) |
| Clinic | 76 (26.2) | 23 (25.5) | 28 (28.9) | 25 (24.3) |
| Emergency department or none | 134 (46.2) | 43 (47.8) | 45 (46.4) | 46 (44.6) |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| ED identification of patients: | ||||
| Seeking treatment for opioid dependence | 96 (33.1) | 28 (31.1) | 27 (27.8) | 41 (39.8) |
| Identified via screening | 194 (66.9) | 62 (68.9) | 70 (72.2) | 62 (60.2) |
| Overdose | 27 (9.3) | 7 (7.8) | 9 (9.3) | 11 (10.7) |
| Primary type of opioid drug used and route of administration, no. (%) | ||||
| Prescription | 70 (24.1) | 23 (25.6) | 22 (22.7) | 25 (24.3) |
| Heroin | 220 (75.9) | 67 (74.4) | 75 (77.3) | 78 (75.7) |
| Intravenous use | 154 (53.1) | 41 (45.6) | 57 (58.8) | 56 (54.4) |
| Non-opioid substance use, past month, no. (%) | ||||
| Alcohol to intoxication | 102 (35.2) | 31 (34.4) | 41 (42.3) | 30 (29.1) |
| Sedative use | 141 (48.6) | 49 (54.4) | 45 (46.4) | 47 (45.6) |
| Cannabis use | 153 (52.8) | 51 (56.7) | 50 (51.5) | 52 (50.5) |
| Cocaine use | 158 (54.5) | 50 (55.6) | 54 (55.7) | 54 (52.4) |
| Cigarette use | 256 (88.3) | 78 (86.6) | 85 (87.6) | 93 (90.3) |
| Mental health history | ||||
| Lifetime psychiatric treatment, no. (%) | 148 (51.0) | 49 (54.4) | 53 (54.6) | 46 (44.7) |
| Inpatient | 79 (27.2) | 28 (31.1) | 27 (27.8) | 24 (23.3) |
| Outpatient | 123 (42.4) | 44 (48.9) | 41 (42.3) | 38 (36.9) |
| Currently receiving treatment for depression, no. (%) | 37 (12.8) | 8 (8.9) | 15 (15.5) | 14 (13.6) |
| PHQ-9* score, mean (SD) | 12.45 (6.5) | 13.04 (6.4) | 12.17 (6.7) | 12.20 (6.5) |
| Acute psychiatric ED evaluation, no. (%) | 68 (23.4) | 20 (22.2) | 27 (27.8) | 21 (20.4) |
| Lifetime treatment for addiction, no. (%) | ||||
| Alcohol | 42 (14.5) | 17 (18.9) | 16 (16.5) | 9 (8.7) |
| Drugs | 213 (73.4) | 65 (72.2) | 76 (78.4) | 72 (69.9) |
ED emergency department, PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire
*The range of possible scores for the PHQ-9 is 0–27. A score of 5–14 suggests the patient may need treatment based on the duration of symptoms and functional impairment. A score of more than 15 warrants treatment for depression, using antidepressant, psychotherapy and/or a combination of treatment