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. 2017 May 23;7:2263. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02320-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Transmission electron micrograph of renal tubules. (A) Control group: Normal structures of the nucleus, mitochondria with few scattered electron-dense lysosomes and intact bruch border were noted. (B and C) diabetic rats: accumulation of huge electron-dense lysosomes and few autophagic vacuoles were detected. (D and E) diabetic nephropathy group: apoptotic nucleus, partially degraded cytoplasm and elongated mitochondria. Also, double membrane of the autophagosome was clearly seen containing cytoplasmic debris. (F–H) treated diabetic rats: cytoplasm showed multiple scattered autophagosomes, autophagosomes with lysosomes (vacuoles containing electron dense material), and mitophagy (an autophagosome containing an undigested mitochondrion), indicative of autophagic activity. (I–K) diabetic prophylactic rats: numerous autophagosomes with degenerated membrane cellular debris and mitophagy L, lysosomes; N, nucleus; bb, bruch border; m, mitochondria; [↑], autophagosomes; [↑↑], autophagosomes with lysosomes; ▴▴, mitophagy.