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. 2017 May 23;7:2256. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02256-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of sFRP4 on protein expression levels: The combinatorial treatment of sFRP4 and chemotherapeutic drugs significantly upregulated the apoptotic protein (Bax) and downregulated cell survival (Cyclin D1) and oncogenes (C-Myc). (a,b) Breast tumor cell line-derived CSCs (MDA231/MCF7). (c,d) Prostate tumor cell line-derived CSCs (PC3/LnCap). (e–g) Ovary tumor cell line-derived CSCs (A2780 P/CIS/ADR). In combinatorial treatment, an elevated Bax/Bcl-xl ratio corresponded to elevated cell apoptosis. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA for analysis variance with Bonferroni test for comparison showing significance as ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05. Blots and relative protein expressions are mean ± standard error of mean from 3 independent experiments.